P2x4 antibodies &amp; uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind a P2X4 polypeptide and modulate P2X4 channel activity, recombinant P2X4 polypeptides and methods for generating such polypeptides, as well as compositions and methods for generating anti-P2X4 antibodies, and methods of using P2X4 antibodies for the treatment of neuropathic pain and other indications.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/308,294, filed on Nov. 1, 2016, which application is a U.S. National Stage application of International Application No. PCT/EP2015/059633, filed on May 2, 2015. International Application No. PCT/EP2015/059633 claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/987,929, filed on May 2, 2014. Each of the above listed applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO THE SEQUENCE LISTING

This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing submitted with this application as a text file entitled “P2X4-100-US-CNT-SequenceListing”, created on Mar. 30, 2020, and having a size of 379,453 bytes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chronic pain serves no beneficial purpose, but arises from pathological alterations in nociceptive neural networks. Neuropathic pain is a form of chronic pain that arises after nerve injury caused by trauma, infection, or pathology. Neuropathic pain persists long after the initiating event has healed. While neurons are involved in neuropathic pain, they are unlikely to be the sole cell type mediating this condition. There is a growing body of evidence that supports a role for glia-neuron interactions in establishing and maintaining neuropathic pain. Microglia, in particular, have emerged as key players in neuropathic pain. The microglial P2X4 receptor appears to be important in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.

The ion channel P2X4 is one of seven members of a family of purinergic, cation permeable channels. Each P2X4 subunit has two transmembrane domains, separated by a large ˜280 amino acid extracellular domain. Functional channels are formed of a trimeric arrangement of subunits with a central pore. The P2X4 channel is activated by binding of the ligand adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) to residues contained within its extracellular domain. Activation of these receptors instigates a series of conformational changes that allow cations, such as Ca²⁺ and Na⁺, entry into the cell through a cation selective channel. P2X4 activation and upregulation is thought to be a key driver of neuropathic pain. Downstream of P2X4 activation, microglia release brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which acts on spinal lamina I neurons to reduce expression of a neuronal chloride transporter KCC2, thereby altering the electrochemical gradient for chloride and rendering one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA excitatory. Therefore, P2X4-mediated BDNF release in spinal cord is thought to be a key driver of neuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain fails to respond to currently available analgesics, and is considered to be one of the most debilitating chronic pain conditions. Accordingly, improved methods for treating neuropathic pain, particularly pain mediated by P2X4 are urgently required.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As described below, the present invention provides antibodies that specifically bind a P2X4 polypeptide and modulate P2X4 channel activity, recombinant P2X4 polypeptides and methods for generating such polypeptides, as well as compositions and methods for generating anti-P2X4 antibodies, and methods of using P2X4 antibodies for the treatment of neuropathic pain and other indications.

In a first aspect, the invention provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds a human P2X4 polypeptide and modulates channel activity. In one embodiment, the antibody is a P2X4 potentiator. In another embodiment, the antibody is a P2X4 antagonist. In another embodiment, the antibody is a P2X4 modulator. In another embodiment, the antibody is a P2X4 antagonist that reduces P2X4 biological activity by at least about 10, 25, 50, 75, 85, 90 or 95%. In another embodiment, the antibody binds an epitope containing human P2X4 amino acids 110-166. In another embodiment, the antibody binds an epitope containing one or more human P2X4 amino acids selected from any one or more of amino acids 118, 122-139, 145, 159, 180, 183, 184, 231, and 244. In another embodiment, an amino acid substitution at position 131 of P2X4 reduces or eliminates antibody binding to a human P2X4 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the serine at position 131 of human P2X4 is substituted by Asparagine.

In one embodiment of the previous aspect, the antibody or fragment thereof contains:

a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 containing a sequence X1X2X3X4X5 (SEQ ID NO: 1009), where X₁ is G, N, S, D, or R; X₂ is Y, A, H, F, or S; X3 is A, W, Y, S, G, F, W, E, D, or P; X4 is M, I, W, L, I, F, or V; X5 is S, G, T, H, or N; and/or

b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 containing a sequence X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁X₁₂X₁₃X₁₄X₁₅X₆ (SEQ ID NO: 1029), where X₁ is A, R, I, T, E, S, A, V, W, N, G, E, R, or Y; X₂ is I or M; X₃ is S, K, Y, D, N, W, or I; X₄ is S, D, G, H, N, R, Y, or V; X₅ is G, D, S, F, N, R, F, D, or T; X₆ is G, S, N, or T; X₇ is S, T, D, Y, N, A, E, M, F, or D; X₈ is T, I, K, or A; X₉ is Y, D, R, N, G, Q, E, H, or K; X₁₀ is Y, Q, S, or V; X₁₁ is A, S, N, or V; X₁₂ is D, A, P, R, or Q; X₁₃ is S, P, K, or N; X₁₄ is V, F, L, or A; X₁₅ is K, Q, or E; X₁₆ is G, S, A, or D; and/or

c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 containing a sequence X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈ (SEQ ID NO: 1011), where X₁ is E, N, D, R, K, G, S, A, Y, V, P, or H; X₂ is E, L, R, Q, T, G, F, P, Y, K, A, S, V, or F; X₃ is R, A, T, G, V, S, M, W, Y, D, H, N, E, L, or I; X₄ is G, L, R, D, T, G, Y, S, E, F, Q, C, I, M, V, N, K, or P; X₅ is S, G, Y, D, W, T, S, N, I, D, V, E, or C; X₆ is Y, A, S, W, T, L, G, E, F, K, V, I, or D; X₇ is D, E, or G; and X₈ is Y, S, V, L, M, Q, I, S, I, H, F, or D. In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR2 optionally contains an insertion of 1-3 amino acids, X_(a)X_(b)X_(c) between amino acids X₃ and X₄, where X_(a) is G, S, P, W, Y, E, A, R, or N; and X_(b)X_(c) are KT, respectively. In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR3 optionally contains an insertion of 1-14 amino acids Xa-Xn (SEQ ID NO: 1012), where X_(a) is F, R, S, Y, L, D, G, V, I, T, or A; X_(b) is G, R, Y, F, T, D, S, G, V, M, D, or R; X_(c) is F, W, A, G, T, I, S, F, Y, C, L, V, R, or N; X_(d) is S, F, M, G, Y, L, S, A, D, L, R, V, C, or S, X_(e) is G, Y, S, T, P, F, Y, R, A, E, G, Q, N, or L; X_(f) is Y, N, G, T, R, F, A, M, W, P, or V; X_(g) is Y, M, S, V, F, A, P, S, D, R, H, P, E, or R X_(h) is Y, G, M, F, G, P, V, F, H, T, or G, X_(i) is T, I, G, R, or F; X_(j) is Y, G, H, or E; X_(K) is Y, G, F, or N; X_(L) is F, or N; X_(m) is Y; and X_(n) is F. In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR1 contains the sequence SYX₁MX₂ (SEQ ID NO: 1063), where X₁ is A, W, Y, S, G, F, E, D, or P and X₂ is S, G, T, H, or N. In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR1 contains the sequence XYAMS (SEQ ID NO: 1064), where X is S, D, G, N or R; SXAMS (SEQ ID NO: 1065), where X is Y, A, H, F, or S; SYXMS (SEQ ID NO: 1066), where X is A, W, Y, S, G, F, E, D, or P; SYAXS (SEQ ID NO: 1067), where X is M, I, W, L, F, or V; SYAMX (SEQ ID NO: 1068), where X is S, G, T, H, or N. In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR1 contains amino acids SYAMS (SEQ ID NO: 57). In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR2 contains the sequence AISGSGGSTYYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 1069); or AISGSGGSTYYADSVEG (SEQ ID NO: 1070). In yet another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR3 contains the sequence DWYFDL (SEQ ID NO: 1071) or NWYLDL (SEQ ID NO: 1072). In still another embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof contains, a. a light chain variable region CDR1 containing a sequence X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁ (SEQ ID NO: 1013), where X₁ is T, G, R, S, or Q; X₂ is G, A, or L; X₃ is S, T, D, or H; X₄ is S, N, K, A, Q, T, or V; X₅ is G, I, L, S, or D; X₆ is A, G, R, P, I, D, S, E, T; X₇ is G, N, M, D, K, S, R, Y, or T; X₈ is Y, K, F, Q, S, N, Y, D, H, or R; X₉ is D, N, Y, W, F, M, G, or S; X₁₀ is V, A, L, I, G, or P; X₁₁ is H, T, S, Y, A, Q, Y, N, or F,

b. a light chain variable region CDR2 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇ (SEQ ID NO: 1014), where X₁ is G, Y, Q, K, N, D, R, A, or E; X₂ is N, D, K, A, V, G, or T, X₃ is N, S, T, I, K, Y, or D; X₄ is N, D, Y, K, E, T, N, S, or Q, X₈ is R, or L; X₆ is P, E, A, S, or Q; X₇ is S, P, or T;

c. a light chain variable region CDR3 containing a sequence X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉ (SEQ ID NO: 1015), where X₁ is Q, N, A, G, D, S, or L; X₂ is S, V, A, Q, T, L, or H; X₃ is Y, W, R, A, S, Q, T, or G; X₄ is D, Y, I, N, M, or H, X₅ is T, M, S, N, D, R, G, or K, X₆ is N, T, S, G, F, L or D; X₇ is L, T, G, P, A, I, or N; X₈ is K, W, V, I, P, G, L, R, or Y; X₉ is V, L, or T. In one embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR1 optionally contains an insertion of between 1 and 3 amino acids X_(a)-X_(c) between X₄ and X₅, where X_(a) is S or G; X_(b) is N, D or S; and X_(c) is I or V. In another embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR3 optionally contains an insertion of between 1 and 3 amino acids X_(a)-X_(c) between X₇ and X₈, where X_(a) is D, N, A, T, S, I or H; X_(b) is H, Y, G, A, R, L, S, or P; X_(c) is S. In still another embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR1 contains one of the following sequences: S G D K L (SEQ ID NO: 1034); S G S S SNIG (SEQ ID NO: 1035); SG DAL (SEQ ID NO: 1036); RASQ GISSW LA (SEQ ID NO: 1037); and R A S Q G I S R W L A (SEQ ID NO: 1038). In another embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR2 contains one of the following sequences: G X X Y R P S (SEQ ID NO: 1039), where X is T, S, K or K D S E R P S (SEQ ID NO: 1040); K A S T L E S (SEQ ID NO: 1041); Q D X K R P S (SEQ ID NO: 1042), where X is D or T; and Q D I E R P S (SEQ ID NO: 1043). In another embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR3 contains one of the following sequences: Q Q S Y S T P W T (SEQ ID NO: 1044) or S S G T Y V V (SEQ ID NO: 1045).

In various embodiments of the above aspects, the antibody contains a heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In other embodiments of the above aspects, the antibody contains a light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In other embodiments of the above aspects the antibody contains a heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and a light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In other embodiments of the above aspects the antibody is a phage display derived antibody selected from any one or more of Antibody Nos. 1-34. In particular embodiments, the antibody is Antibody No. 5, 8, 11, 18, 29, or 33.

In another embodiment of the above aspect, the antibody or fragment thereof contains:

a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅ (SEQ ID NO: 1022), where X₁ is S, N, D, T, A, or R; X₂ is G, Y, or F; X₃ is Y, H, S, G, D, or F; X₄ is D, V, or I; X₅ is N, H, C, R, S or is absent;

b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁X₁₂X₁₃X₁₄X₁₅X₁₆ (SEQ ID NO: 1023), where X₁ is M, V, L, I, A, G, or T; X₂ is G or I; X₃ is Y, W, N, or C; X₄ is Y, G, D, or W; X₅ is S, D, or E; X₆ is G or D; X₇ is S, Y, N, or I; X₈ is T, P, or K; X₉ is N, A, G, D, or V; X₁₀ is Y or F; X₁₁ is N; X₁₂ is P, S, or E; X₁₃ is S, A, or N; X₁₄ is L or F; X₁₅ is K; X₁₆ is S, G, or N;

c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈ (SEQ ID NO: 1024), where X₁ is G, S, A, or R; X₂ is M, G, Y, S, L, R, or V; X₃ is M, D, I, V, H, M, or S; X₄ is V, Y, M, W, or S; X₅ is L, Y, S or absent; X₆ is I, D, V, T, G, S or absent; X₇ is P, G, D, S, or A; and X₈ is N, Y, or T. In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR1 optionally contains amino acids X₆ and X₇, which are V and S, respectively. In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR2 optionally contains an insertion of amino acids X_(a) and X_(b) between X₃ and X₄, where X_(a) is I or P and X_(b) is S. In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR3 optionally contains an insertion of between 1 and 6 amino acids X_(a)-X_(f) (SEQ ID NO: 1025) between X₆ and X₇, where X_(a) is G, T, D, or Y; X_(b) is S, A, G, or F; X_(c) is Y, V, P, or F; X_(d) is Y or F; X_(e) is Y; and X_(f) is E, F, or G. In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR1 contains the sequence S G Y D (SEQ ID NO: 1046); S G S D (SEQ ID NO: 1047); or S G F D (SEQ ID NO: 1048). In another embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR2 contains the sequence: M G Y I S Y S (SEQ ID NO: 1049); V I W G D G STA (SEQ ID NO: 1050); S T A Y N S (SEQ ID NO: 1051); or STNY NP (SEQ ID NO: 1052). In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region CDR3 contains the sequence G M M V L I (SEQ ID NO: 1053); G V S S L S (SEQ ID NO: 1054); or G S Y Y Y X (SEQ ID NO: 1055), where X is E, G, or F.

In another embodiment of the above aspect, the antibody or fragment thereof contains:

a. a light chain variable region CDR1 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁ (SEQ ID NO: 1026), where X₁ is K, Q, or R; X₂ is A or T; X₃ is S, R, or N; X₄ is K or Q; X₅ is S, D, R, N, L, or I; X₆ is I or S; X₇ is T, G, V, or N; X₈ is N, S, H, or K; X₉ is Y or W; X₁₀ is L, M, or I; X₁₁ is A, S, or Y;

b. a light chain variable region CDR2 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇ (SEQ ID NO: 1027), where X₁ is S, D, E, or Y; X₂ is G, A, or T; X₃ is S or T; X₄ is T, S, K, or A; X₅ is L; X₆ is Q, A, or V; X₇ is S or D;

c. a light chain variable region CDR3 containing a sequence: X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉ (SEQ ID NO: 1028), where X₁ is Q, L, or H; X₂ is Q or K; X₃ is Y, A, W, or T; X₄ is Y, H, S, or D; X₅ is E, S, R, T, or N; X₆ is K, N, T, L, or H; X₇ is P; X₈ is Y, W, L, N, P, or R; and X₉ is T.

In one embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR1 contains the sequence K A S K X I T (SEQ ID NO: 1056), where X is X, L, or I; or Q A S Q D I G N W L (SEQ ID NO: 1057). In another embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR2 contains the sequence S G S T L Q S (SEQ ID NO: 1058); DATSLAD (SEQ ID NO: 1059); or DATTLAD (SEQ ID NO: 1060). In another embodiment, the light chain variable region CDR3 contains the sequence Q Q Y Y E K P X T (SEQ ID NO: 1061) or Q Q Y Y E N P X T (SEQ ID NO: 1062) where X is Y or L.

In another series of embodiments the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising:

-   -   a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 containing a sequence:         SX₁AMS (SEQ ID NO: 1016), where X₁ is Y or F;     -   b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 containing a sequence:         AISGSG XISTYYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 1017), where X₁ is S or G;     -   c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 containing a sequence:         X₁X₂DX₃WSX₄X₅X₆X₇X₈TAFDL (SEQ ID NO: 1018), where X₁ is H, D or         Q; X₂ is W, M, F, H, or R; X₃ is W, Y or F; X₄ is T, N, G, or P;         X₅ is R, A, S, G, or Y; X₆ is S, P, N or T; and X₇ is G, S, R,         or K: X₈ is P, M, A or L optionally in combination with a VL         comprising     -   a. a light chain variable region CDR1 comprising the sequence         SGDALPRQYAY (SEQ ID NO: 1019)     -   b. a light chain variable region CDR2 comprising the sequence         KDSXRPS (SEQ ID NO: 1020), where X is E or F     -   c. a light chain variable region CDR3 comprising the sequence         QSADSSGTYXV (SEQ ID NO: 1021), where X is V or A.

In various embodiments of the above aspects, the antibody contains a heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In other embodiments of the above aspects, the antibody contains a light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In still other embodiments of the above aspects, the antibody contains a heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and a light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In particular embodiments, the antibody is a hybridoma derived antibody selected from any one or more of Antibody Nos. 35-48.

In various embodiments of the above aspects, the antigen binding fragment thereof is a single chain antibody, a single chain variable fragment (scFv), a Fab fragment, or a F(ab′)2 fragment.

In another aspect, the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any of the above aspects.

In another aspect, the invention provides a vector containing the polynucleotide of the previous aspect.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a host cell containing the vector of the previous aspect.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating neuropathic pain, the method involving administering to a patient in need thereof an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof according to any of the above aspects. In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is administered by intrathecal delivery.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for the large scale production of a recombinant P2X4 polypeptide, the method involving expressing a human P2X4 protein in an SF9 cell at 27° C. for 72 hours; extracting the P2X4 protein by solubilizing in a buffer containing n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside, n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside, CHAPS, and the Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate; then isolating the solubilized protein. In one embodiment, the SF9 cells were infected with baculovirus particles with a multiplicity of infection of 2 at a cell density of 2×10E6 cells/ml. In another embodiment, the proteins are purified using affinity and size exclusion chromatography. In another embodiment, the purified protein is maintained in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 600 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 0.025% n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside, 0.0125% n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside, 0.0075% CHAPS, and 0.0015% Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate.

In another embodiment, the method generates milligram quantities of purified P2X4 human polypeptide. In another embodiment, the majority of the P2X4 protein is in the trimeric form.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant human P2X4 polypeptide produced according to the method of any previous aspect. In one embodiment, at least about 65%-75% of the polypeptide is in the trimeric form.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description, and from the claims.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in this invention: Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale & Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991). As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise.

By “P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4 or P2X4) polypeptide” is meant a purinergic receptor protein or fragment thereof having at least about 85% or greater amino acid identity to the amino acid sequence provided at NCBI Accession No. Q99571 and having P2X4 biological activity. P2X4 biological activity includes Ca²⁺/Na⁺ conducting activity in response to ATP binding and/or P2X4 antibody binding. An exemplary human P2X4 sequence is provided below:

(SEQ ID NO: 1029) magccaalaa flfeydtpri vlirsrkvgl mnravqllil ayvigwvfvw ekgyqetdsv  61 vssvttkvkg vavtntsklg friwdvadyv ipaqeenslf vmtnviltmn qtqglcpeip 121 dattvcksda sctagsagth sngvstgrcv afngsvktce vaawcpvedd thvpqpaflk 181 aaenftllvk nniwypkfnf skrnilpnit ttylksciyd aktdpfcpif rlgkivenag 241 hsfqdmaveg gimgiqvnwd cnldraaslc lprysfrrld trdvehnvsp gynfrfakyy 301 rdlagneqrt likaygirfd iivfgkagkf diiptminig sglallgmat vlcdiivlyc 361 mkkrlyyrek kykyvedyeq glaseldq

In embodiments of the invention, a human P2X4 polypeptide has at least about 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or even 100% identity to NCBI Accession No. Q99571. In other embodiments, the invention provides P2X4 polypeptides comprising one or more amino acid substitutions relative to the Q99571 reference sequence, including for example: E95Q, V105M, G114D, A122V, S131N, A151P, G154R, L303P, and N306K.

An exemplary murine P2X purinoceptor 4 is provided at NCBI Accession No. Q9JJX6, which has the following sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1030) magccsvlgs flfeydtpri vlirsrkvgl mnrvvqllil ayvigwvfvw ekgyqetdsv  61 vssvttkakg vavtntsqlg friwdvadyv vpaqeenslf imtnmivtvn qtqgtcpeip 121 dktsicdsda nctlgssdth ssgigtgrcv pfnasvktce vaawcpvend agvptpaflk 181 aaenftllvk nniwypkfnf skrnilpnit tsylksciyn artdpfcpif rlgqivadag 241 hsfqemaveg gimgiqikwd cnldraashc lprysfrrld trdlehnvsp gynfrfakyy 301 rdlagneqrt ltkaygirfd iivfgkagkf diiptminvg sglallgvat vlcdvivlyc 361 mkkryyyrdk kykyvedyeq glsgemnq

An exemplary rat P2X purinoceptor 4 sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No. P51577, which has the following sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1031) magccsvlgs flfeydtpri vlirsrkvgl mnravqllil ayvigwvfvw ekgyqetdsv  61 vssvttkakg vavtntsqlg friwdvadyv ipaqeenslf imtnmivtvn qtqstcpeip 121 dktsicnsda dctpgsvdth ssgvatgrcv pfnesvktce vaawcpvend vgvptpaflk 181 aaenftllvk nniwypkfnf skrnilpnit tsylksciyn aqtdpfcpif rlgtivedat 241 hsfqemaveg gimgiqikwd cnldraaslc lprysfrrld trdlehnvsp gynfrfakyy 301 rdlagkeqrt ltkaygirfd iivfgkagkf diiptminvg sglallgvat vlcdvivlyc 361 mkkkyyyrdk kykyvedyeq glsgemnq

An exemplary cynomologus monkey (e.g. macaque) P2X purinoceptor 4 sequence, which has the following sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1032) magccaalaa flfeydtpri vlirsrkvgl mnravqllil ayvigwvfvw ekgyqetdsv  61 vssvttkvkg vavtntsklg friwdvadyv ipaqqenslf vmtnmiltmn qtqdlcpeip 121 dvttvcksda nctagsagth sngvstgrcv pfnrsvktce vaawcpvedd thvpqpaflk 181 aaenftllvk nniwypkfnf skrnilpnit ttylksciyd aktdpfcpif rlgkivenag 241 hsfqdmaveg gimgiqvnwd cnldraaslc lprysfrrld trdvehnvsp gynfrfakyy 301 rdpagkeqrt likaygirfd iivfgkagkf diiptminig sglallgmat vlcdiivlyc 361 mkkrlyyrek kykyvedyeq glaseldp

By “P2X4 nucleic acid molecule” is meant a polynucleotide encoding a P2X4 polypeptide or fragment thereof. An exemplary human P2X4 polynucleotide sequence is provided at NCBI Accession No. NM_002560, the sequence of which follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1033)    1 aagtgctggg atgacaggtg tgagccaccg cccccggccc ctcgcccgcc ttttgaagga   61 gcctttcgtc ctcaagggcg aggccactcc ccccccgcga gttccatgcc ccctagaggg  121 tcatcgttcc cgacggggag gtggcgccct cccccgggcc ccgggccccg accgcccgtg  181 ctgcctcctt ccgggccctc ctccgcgatg acggcgccgc cagcaggcca ggcggactgg  241 gcggggctcc gagcggggac tgggacccag accgactagg ggactgggag cgggcggcgc  301 ggccatggcg ggctgctgcg ccgcgctggc ggccttcctg ttcgagtacg acacgccgcg  361 catcgtgctc atccgcagcc gcaaagtggg gctcatgaac cgcgccgtgc aactgctcat  421 cctggcctac gtcatcgggt gggtgtttgt gtgggaaaag ggctaccagg aaactgactc  481 cgtggtcagc tccgttacga ccaaggtcaa gggcgtggct gtgaccaaca cttctaaact  541 tggattccgg atctgggatg tggcggatta tgtgatacca gctcaggagg aaaactccct  601 cttcgtcatg accaacgtga tcctcaccat gaaccagaca cagggcctgt gccccgagat  661 tccagatgcg accactgtgt gtaaatcaga tgccagctgt actgccggct ctgccggcac  721 ccacagcaac ggagtctcaa caggcaggtg cgtagctttc aacgggtctg tcaagacgtg  781 tgaggtggcg gcctggtgcc cggtggagga tgacacacac gtgccacaac ctgctttttt  841 aaaggctgca gaaaacttca ctcttttggt taagaacaac atctggtatc ccaaatttaa  901 tttcagcaag aggaatatcc ttcccaacat caccactact tacctcaagt cgtgcattta  961 tgatgctaaa acagatccct tctgccccat attccgtctt ggcaaaatag tggagaacgc 1021 aggacacagt ttccaggaca tggccgtgga gggaggcatc atgggcatcc aggtcaactg 1081 ggactgcaac ctggacagag ccgcctccct ctgcttgccc aggtactcct tccgccgcct 1141 cgatacacgg gacgttgagc acaacgtatc tcctggctac aatttcaggt ttgccaagta 1201 ctacagagac ctggctggca acgagcagcg cacgctcatc aaggcctatg gcatccgctt 1261 cgacatcatt gtgtttggga aggcagggaa atttgacatc atccccacta tgatcaacat 1321 cggctctggc ctggcactgc taggcatggc gaccgtgctg tgtgacatca tagtcctcta 1381 ctgcatgaag aaaagactct actatcggga gaagaaatat aaatatgtgg aagattacga 1441 gcagggtctt gctagtgagc tggaccagtg aggcctaccc cacacctggg ctctccacag 1501 ccccatcaaa gaacagagag gaggaggagg gagaaatggc caccacatca ccccagagaa 1561 atttctggaa tctgattgag tctccactcc acaagcactc agggttcccc agcagctcct 1621 gtgtgttgtg tgcaggatct gtttgcccac tcggcccagg aggtcagcag tctgttcttg 1681 gctgggtcaa ctctgctttt cccgcaacct ggggttgtcg ggggagcgct ggcccgacgc 1741 agtggcactg ctgtggcttt cagggctgga gctggctttg ctcagaagcc tcctgtctcc 1801 agctctctcc aggacaggcc cagtcctctg aggcacggcg gctctgttca agcactttat 1861 gcggcagggg aggccgcctg gctgcagtca ctagacttgt agcaggcctg ggctgcaggc 1921 ttccccccga ccattccctg cagccatgcg gcagagctgg catttctcct cagagaagcg 1981 ctgtgctaag gtgatcgagg accagacatt aaagcgtgat tttcttaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 2041 aaa

By “P2X4 biological activity” is meant ion channel conducting activity or ion channel mediated changes in cytosolic calcium levels.

By “ameliorate” is meant decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease.

The term “antibody,” as used in this disclosure, refers to an immunoglobulin or a fragment or a derivative thereof, and encompasses any polypeptide comprising an antigen-binding site, regardless of whether it is produced in vitro or in vivo. The term includes, but is not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific, non-specific, humanized, single-chain, chimeric, synthetic, recombinant, hybrid, mutated, and grafted antibodies. Unless otherwise modified by the term “intact,” as in “intact antibodies,” for the purposes of this disclosure, the term “antibody” also includes antibody fragments such as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv, Fd, dAb, and other antibody fragments that retain antigen-binding function, i.e., the ability to bind a P2X4 polypeptide specifically. Typically, such fragments would comprise an antigen-binding domain.

The terms “antigen-binding domain,” “antigen-binding fragment,” and “binding fragment” refer to a part of an antibody molecule that comprises amino acids responsible for the specific binding between the antibody and the antigen. In instances, where an antigen is large, the antigen-binding domain may only bind to a part of the antigen. A portion of the antigen molecule that is responsible for specific interactions with the antigen-binding domain is referred to as “epitope” or “antigenic determinant.” In particular embodiments, an antigen-binding domain comprises an antibody light chain variable region (V_(L)) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (V_(H)), however, it does not necessarily have to comprise both. For example, a so-called Fd antibody fragment consists only of a VH domain, but still retains some antigen-binding function of the intact antibody.

Binding fragments of an antibody are produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies. Binding fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, and single-chain antibodies. An antibody other than a “bispecific” or “bifunctional” antibody is understood to have each of its binding sites identical. Digestion of antibodies with the enzyme, papain, results in two identical antigen-binding fragments, known also as “Fab” fragments, and a “Fc” fragment, having no antigen-binding activity but having the ability to crystallize. Digestion of antibodies with the enzyme, pepsin, results in the a F(ab′)2 fragment in which the two arms of the antibody molecule remain linked and comprise two-antigen binding sites. The F(ab′)2 fragment has the ability to crosslink antigen. “Fv” when used herein refers to the minimum fragment of an antibody that retains both antigen-recognition and antigen-binding sites. “Fab” when used herein refers to a fragment of an antibody that comprises the constant domain of the light chain and the CHI domain of the heavy chain.

The term “mAb” refers to monoclonal antibody. Antibodies of the invention comprise without limitation whole native antibodies, bispecific antibodies; chimeric antibodies; Fab, Fab′, single chain V region fragments (scFv), fusion polypeptides, and unconventional antibodies.

In this disclosure, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like; “consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially” likewise has the meaning ascribed in U.S. Patent law and the term is open-ended, allowing for the presence of more than that which is recited so long as basic or novel characteristics of that which is recited is not changed by the presence of more than that which is recited, but excludes prior art embodiments.

“Detect” refers to identifying the presence, absence or amount of the analyte to be detected. In one embodiment, an antibody of the invention or fragment thereof is used to detect the presence or level of a P2X4 polypeptide.

By “detectable label” is meant a composition that when linked to a molecule of interest renders the latter detectable, via spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or chemical means. For example, useful labels include radioactive isotopes, magnetic beads, metallic beads, colloidal particles, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (for example, as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin, digoxigenin, or haptens.

By “disease” is meant any condition or disorder that damages or interferes with the normal function of a cell, tissue, or organ. Examples of diseases include neuropathic pain, particularly pain associated with P2X4 channel activity or the activity of a pathway responsive to P2X4.

The term “effective amount” refers to a dosage or amount of an agent that is sufficient to reduce the activity of a P2X4 polypeptide to result in amelioration of symptoms in a patient or to achieve a desired biological outcome. Desired biological outcomes include, for example, the amelioration of chronic pain or a symptom thereof, modulation of P2X4 biological activity, or the modulation of a pathway responsive to P2X4 activity.

The term “isolated” refers to a molecule that is substantially free of other elements present in its natural environment. For instance, an isolated protein is substantially free of cellular material or other proteins from the cell or tissue source from which it is derived. The term “isolated” also refers to preparations where the isolated protein is sufficiently pure to be administered as a pharmaceutical composition, or at least 70-80% (w/w) pure, more preferably, at least 80-90% (w/w) pure, even more preferably, 90-95% pure; and, most preferably, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w/w) pure.

By “fragment” is meant a portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule. This portion contains, preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the entire length of the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide. In a particular embodiment, a fragment of a P2X4 polypeptide may contain 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, or 300 amino acids.

By “reference” is meant a standard of comparison.

A “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset of or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence. For polypeptides, the length of the reference polypeptide sequence will generally be at least about 16 amino acids, preferably at least about 20 amino acids, more preferably at least about 25 amino acids, and even more preferably about 35 amino acids, about 50 amino acids, or about 100 amino acids. For nucleic acids, the length of the reference nucleic acid sequence will generally be at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably at least about 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 75 nucleotides, and even more preferably about 100 nucleotides or about 300 nucleotides or any integer thereabout or therebetween.

The term “repertoire” refers to a genetically diverse collection of nucleotides derived wholly or partially from sequences that encode expressed immunoglobulins. The sequences are generated by in vivo rearrangement of, e.g., V, D, and J segments for H chains and, e.g., V and J segment for L chains. Alternatively, the sequences may be generated from a cell line by in vitro stimulation, in response to which the rearrangement occurs. Alternatively, part or all of the sequences may be obtained by combining, e.g., unrearranged V segments with D and J segments, by nucleotide synthesis, randomised mutagenesis, and other methods, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332.

By “specifically binds” is meant an agent (e.g., antibody) that recognizes and binds a molecule (e.g., polypeptide), but which does not substantially recognize and bind other molecules in a sample, for example, a biological sample. For example, two molecules that specifically bind form a complex that is relatively stable under physiologic conditions. Specific binding is characterized by a high affinity and a low to moderate capacity as distinguished from nonspecific binding which usually has a low affinity with a moderate to high capacity. Typically, binding is considered specific when the affinity constant K_(A) is higher than 10⁷ M⁻¹, or more preferably higher than 10⁸ M⁻¹.

The strength of the binding between P2X4 and an antibody can be measured using, for example, an enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISA), radio-immunoassay (RIA), or surface plasmon resonance-based technology (e.g., Biacore), all of which are techniques well known in the art. If necessary, non-specific binding can be reduced without substantially affecting specific binding by varying the binding conditions. The appropriate binding conditions such as concentration of antibodies, ionic strength of the solution, temperature, time allowed for binding, concentration of a blocking agent (e.g., serum albumin, milk casein), etc., may be optimized by a skilled artisan using routine techniques.

Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. About can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term about.

The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-1D shows an analysis of Antibody Nos. 1, 11, 29, and 33 binding to human P2X4 variants.

FIG. 2 provides the VH & VL sequences of Antibody Nos. 1-34, which were identified using phage display technology.

FIG. 3 provides a summary of P2X4 orthologue binding properties of antibodies identified using phage display selection (antibodies 1 to 34) and a summary of their functional effects measured by electrophysiology assays and reported as fraction of control current. Key: + indicates that binding was observed in FMAT assay;

− indicates that no binding was observed in FMAT assay; NT indicates that the antibody was not tested in the assay.

FIG. 4 shows results of the antibodies 5, 8, 11, 18, 29, and 33 screened in electrophysiology assays. Each of these antibodies was identified as a P2X4 antagonist. Peak agonist induced inward current in response to 3 μM ATP in the presence of antibody is indicated as a fraction of control current in the absence of antibody at human or cynomolgus (cyno) P2X4.

FIG. 5 provides a summary of P2X4 orthologue binding properties of antibodies isolated from hybridomas (Antibody Nos. 35-48) and a summary of their functional effects measured by electrophysiology assays and reported as fraction of control current.

FIG. 6 provides the VH & VL sequences of Antibody Nos. 35-48.

FIG. 7 provides a summary of results of binding assays for 252 antibodies (Antibody Nos. 35-286) isolated using hybridoma technology and a summary of their functional effects measured by electrophysiology assays and reported as fraction of control current.

FIG. 8A-8F shows whole cell current traces obtained using QPatch 16X showing the agonist response (indicated temporally by the grey bar) before (black trace) and after (grey trace) addition of antibodies. Traces are superimposed for comparison. Dotted line indicates zero current. P2X4 species investigated is indicated where appropriate by (m, mouse) (hu, human).

FIG. 8A, 8D, 8E, 8F show activity against huP2X4. FIGS. 8B and 8C show activity against mP2X4.

FIG. 9 shows schematically an extracellular view of predicted P2X4 trimer-Antibody No. 11 Fv complex structure. In particular, FIG. 9 illustrates the bipartite epitope-paratope interface—Antibody No. 11 VHCDRs-P2X4 protomer 1 head (major interface—large dotted circle); Antibody No. 11 VLCDRs-P2X4 protomer 2 right flipper (minor interface—small dotted circle). Three Antibody No. 11 molecules can potentially bind the same P2X4 trimer molecule. The two Fab arms of Antibody No. 11 are not likely to engage the same P2X4 trimer molecule. Antibody No. 11 is predicted to bind a P2X heteromer across the epitope formed by two P2X4 subunits.

FIG. 10 provides alignments of human, cyno, mouse and rat P2X4 sequences. The head region of the protein is indicated. Amino acids within the predicted epitope are also indicated.

FIG. 11 shows the effect of P2X4 antibody Nos. 38 and 208 and an isotype control antibody (NIP228 TM) dosed intra-thecally (5 μg per mouse) on reversal of peripheral nerve ligation (PNL)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia as measured by the ipsilateral/contralateral ratio of paw withdrawal threshold in response to paw pressure (n=9-10 per group). Data analysed using 2 way ANOVA with time and treatment as dependant factors. Subsequent statistical significance obtained using Tukey's Post Hoc test. * P<0.05; *** P<0.001−Op+NIP228 TM vs Op+Antibody 208: +P<0.05; ++P<0.01; +++P<0.001−Op+NIP228 TM vs Op+Antibody 38

FIG. 12 provides an alignment of the VH & VL sequences of Antibody Nos. 287 to 315, which are derived from Antibody 11.

FIG. 13 provides the VH & VL sequences of Antibody Nos. 208 and 316 to 321

FIG. 14 shows the effect of antibody Nos. 11, 300 and 312 on huP2X4 currents recorded on Qpatch 16X. The black trace indicates the ATP response prior to IgG addition whereas the grey trace indicates the ATP response after incubation with IgG. The dashed line indicates the zero current level and the grey bar indicates the time at which ATP was added to the cell bathing solution. Traces are overlayed for comparison. Dose response curves are plotted with normalised current values as described in Example 14 and represent mean+/−SEM, n=4.

FIG. 15 summarises IC₅₀ values for optimised versions of Antibody 11 at huP2X4 using either FLIPR or Qpatch 16X. Values are geometric means.

FIG. 16 summarises IC₅₀ values for antibodies 38, 43, 46 & 208 at murineP2X4 and/or huP2X4 expressed in HEK 293F cells obtained on Qpatch 16X.

FIG. 17 summarises the effect of antibodies 38, 43, 46 & 208 on mouse microglial P2X4 currents measured on Qpatch 16X.

FIG. 18 shows exemplary electrophysiology current traces from mouse microglia pretreated with either the control antibody NIP 228 or antibody 208 (0.33 mg/ml). The grey bar indicates the time at which ATP (30 μM) was added to the cells and the dotted line indicates the zero current level.

FIG. 19 shows example IC₅₀ curves obtained with two of the anti-P2X4 antibodies in the ATP stimulated calcium response assay.

FIG. 20 shows IC₅₀ curves (mean+/−SEM) for antibodies 46, 38 and 208 obtained from mouse microglia assayed on FLIPR. Mean IC₅₀ values are presented below.

FIG. 21 shows exemplar electrophysiology current traces from human monocyte derived macrophages. Time at which ATP was added to the cells is indicated by the open box. Dotted line indicates zero current.

FIG. 22 summarises the steady state inward current from human monocyte derived macrophages in response to ATP (30 μM).

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES SEQ ID Antibody Description 1 1 VH DNA 2 1 VH PRT 3 1 CDR1 PRT 4 1 CDR2 PRT 5 1 CDR3 PRT 6 1 FW1 PRT 7 1 FW2 PRT 8 1 FW3 PRT 9 1 FW4 PRT 10 1 VL DNA 11 1 VL PRT 12 1 CDR1 PRT 13 1 CDR2 PRT 14 1 CDR3 PRT 15 1 FW1 PRT 16 1 FW2 PRT 17 1 FW3 PRT 18 1 FW4 PRT 19 5 VH DNA 20 5 VH PRT 21 5 CDR1 PRT 22 5 CDR2 PRT 23 5 CDR3 PRT 24 5 FW1 PRT 25 5 FW2 PRT 26 5 FW3 PRT 27 5 FW4 PRT 28 5 VL DNA 29 5 VL PRT 30 5 CDR1 PRT 31 5 CDR2 PRT 32 5 CDR3 PRT 33 5 FW1 PRT 34 5 FW2 PRT 35 5 FW3 PRT 36 5 FW4 PRT 37 8 VH DNA 38 8 VH PRT 39 8 CDR1 PRT 40 8 CDR2 PRT 41 8 CDR3 PRT 42 8 FW1 PRT 43 8 FW2 PRT 44 8 FW3 PRT 45 8 FW4 PRT 46 8 VL DNA 47 8 VL PRT 48 8 CDR1 PRT 49 8 CDR2 PRT 50 8 CDR3 PRT 51 8 FW1 PRT 52 8 FW2 PRT 53 8 FW3 PRT 54 8 FW4 PRT 55 11 VH DNA 56 11 VH PRT 57 11 CDR1 PRT 58 11 CDR2 PRT 59 11 CDR3 PRT 60 11 FW1 PRT 61 11 FW2 PRT 62 11 FW3 PRT 63 11 FW4 PRT 64 11 VL DNA 65 11 VL PRT 66 11 CDR1 PRT 67 11 CDR2 PRT 68 11 CDR3 PRT 69 11 FW1 PRT 70 11 FW2 PRT 71 11 FW3 PRT 72 11 FW4 PRT 73 18 VH DNA 74 18 VH PRT 75 18 CDR1 PRT 76 18 CDR2 PRT 77 18 CDR3 PRT 78 18 FW1 PRT 79 18 FW2 PRT 80 18 FW3 PRT 81 18 FW4 PRT 82 18 VL DNA 83 18 VL PRT 84 18 CDR1 PRT 85 18 CDR2 PRT 86 18 CDR3 PRT 87 18 FW1 PRT 88 18 FW2 PRT 89 18 FW3 PRT 90 18 FW4 PRT 91 29 VH DNA 92 29 VH PRT 93 29 CDR1 PRT 94 29 CDR2 PRT 95 29 CDR3 PRT 96 29 FW1 PRT 97 29 FW2 PRT 98 29 FW3 PRT 99 29 FW4 PRT 100 29 VL DNA 101 29 VL PRT 102 29 CDR1 PRT 103 29 CDR2 PRT 104 29 CDR3 PRT 105 29 FW1 PRT 106 29 FW2 PRT 107 29 FW3 PRT 108 29 FW4 PRT 109 33 VH DNA 110 33 VH PRT 111 33 CDR1 PRT 112 33 CDR2 PRT 113 33 CDR3 PRT 114 33 FW1 PRT 115 33 FW2 PRT 116 33 FW3 PRT 117 33 FW4 PRT 118 33 VL DNA 119 33 VL PRT 120 33 CDR1 PRT 121 33 CDR2 PRT 122 33 CDR3 PRT 123 33 FW1 PRT 124 33 FW2 PRT 125 33 FW3 PRT 126 33 FW4 PRT 127 35 VH DNA 128 35 VH PRT 129 35 CDR1 PRT 130 35 CDR2 PRT 131 35 CDR3 PRT 132 35 FW1 PRT 133 35 FW2 PRT 134 35 FW3 PRT 135 35 FW4 PRT 136 35 VL DNA 137 35 VL PRT 138 35 CDR1 PRT 139 35 CDR2 PRT 140 35 CDR3 PRT 141 35 FW1 PRT 142 35 FW2 PRT 143 35 FW3 PRT 144 35 FW4 PRT 163 37 VH DNA 164 37 VH PRT 165 37 CDR1 PRT 166 37 CDR2 PRT 167 37 CDR3 PRT 168 37 FW1 PRT 169 37 FW2 PRT 170 37 FW3 PRT 171 37 FW4 PRT 172 37 VL DNA 173 37 VL PRT 174 37 CDR1 PRT 175 37 CDR2 PRT 176 37 CDR3 PRT 177 37 FW1 PRT 178 37 FW2 PRT 179 37 FW3 PRT 180 37 FW4 PRT 181 38 VH DNA 182 38 VH PRT 183 38 CDR1 PRT 184 38 CDR2 PRT 185 38 CDR3 PRT 186 38 FW1 PRT 187 38 FW2 PRT 188 38 FW3 PRT 189 38 FW4 PRT 190 38 VL DNA 191 38 VL PRT 192 38 CDR1 PRT 193 38 CDR2 PRT 194 38 CDR3 PRT 195 38 FW1 PRT 196 38 FW2 PRT 197 38 FW3 PRT 198 38 FW4 PRT 217 40 VH DNA 218 40 VH PRT 219 40 CDR1 PRT 220 40 CDR2 PRT 221 40 CDR3 PRT 222 40 FW1 PRT 223 40 FW2 PRT 224 40 FW3 PRT 225 40 FW4 PRT 226 40 VL DNA 227 40 VL PRT 228 40 CDR1 PRT 229 40 CDR2 PRT 230 40 CDR3 PRT 231 40 FW1 PRT 232 40 FW2 PRT 233 40 FW3 PRT 234 40 FW4 PRT 253 42 VH DNA 254 42 VH PRT 255 42 CDR1 PRT 256 42 CDR2 PRT 257 42 CDR3 PRT 258 42 FW1 PRT 259 42 FW2 PRT 260 42 FW3 PRT 261 42 FW4 PRT 262 42 VL DNA 263 42 VL PRT 264 42 CDR1 PRT 265 42 CDR2 PRT 266 42 CDR3 PRT 267 42 FW1 PRT 268 42 FW2 PRT 269 42 FW3 PRT 270 42 FW4 PRT 271 43 VH DNA 272 43 VH PRT 273 43 CDR1 PRT 274 43 CDR2 PRT 275 43 CDR3 PRT 276 43 FW1 PRT 277 43 FW2 PRT 278 43 FW3 PRT 279 43 FW4 PRT 280 43 VL DNA 281 43 VL PRT 282 43 CDR1 PRT 283 43 CDR2 PRT 284 43 CDR3 PRT 285 43 FW1 PRT 286 43 FW2 PRT 287 43 FW3 PRT 288 43 FW4 PRT 289 44 VH DNA 290 44 VH PRT 291 44 CDR1 PRT 292 44 CDR2 PRT 293 44 CDR3 PRT 294 44 FW1 PRT 295 44 FW2 PRT 296 44 FW3 PRT 297 44 FW4 PRT 298 44 VL DNA 299 44 VL PRT 300 44 CDR1 PRT 301 44 CDR2 PRT 302 44 CDR3 PRT 303 44 FW1 PRT 304 44 FW2 PRT 305 44 FW3 PRT 306 44 FW4 PRT 307 45 VL DNA 308 45 VL PRT 309 45 CDR1 PRT 310 45 CDR2 PRT 311 45 CDR3 PRT 312 45 FW1 PRT 313 45 FW2 PRT 314 45 FW3 PRT 315 45 FW4 PRT 316 45 VL DNA 317 45 VL PRT 318 45 CDR1 PRT 319 45 CDR2 PRT 320 45 CDR3 PRT 321 45 FW1 PRT 322 45 FW2 PRT 323 45 FW3 PRT 324 45 FW4 PRT 325 46 VH DNA 326 46 VH PRT 327 46 CDR1 PRT 328 46 CDR2 PRT 329 46 CDR3 PRT 330 46 FW1 PRT 331 46 FW2 PRT 332 46 FW3 PRT 333 46 FW4 PRT 334 46 VL DNA 335 46 VL PRT 336 46 CDR1 PRT 337 46 CDR2 PRT 338 46 CDR3 PRT 339 46 FW1 PRT 340 46 FW2 PRT 341 46 FW3 PRT 342 46 FW4 PRT 343 47 VH DNA 344 47 VH PRT 345 47 CDR1 PRT 346 47 CDR2 PRT 347 47 CDR3 PRT 348 47 FW1 PRT 349 47 FW2 PRT 350 47 FW3 PRT 351 47 FW4 PRT 352 47 VL DNA 353 47 VL PRT 354 47 CDR1 PRT 355 47 CDR2 PRT 356 47 CDR3 PRT 357 47 FW1 PRT 358 47 FW2 PRT 359 47 FW3 PRT 360 47 FW4 PRT 361 48 VH DNA 362 48 VH PRT 363 48 CDR1 PRT 364 48 CDR2 PRT 365 48 CDR3 PRT 366 48 FW1 PRT 367 48 FW2 PRT 368 48 FW3 PRT 369 48 FW4 PRT 370 48 VL DNA 371 48 VL PRT 372 48 CDR1 PRT 373 48 CDR2 PRT 374 48 CDR3 PRT 375 48 FW1 PRT 376 48 FW2 PRT 377 48 FW3 PRT 378 48 FW4 PRT 379 287 VH DNA 380 287 VH PRT 381 287 CDR1 PRT 382 287 CDR2 PRT 383 287 CDR3 PRT 384 287 FW1 PRT 385 287 FW2 PRT 386 287 FW3 PRT 387 287 FW4 PRT 388 287 VL DNA 389 287 VL PRT 390 287 CDR1 PRT 391 287 CDR2 PRT 392 287 CDR3 PRT 393 287 FW1 PRT 394 287 FW2 PRT 395 287 FW3 PRT 396 287 FW4 PRT 397 288 VH DNA 398 288 VH PRT 399 288 CDR1 PRT 400 288 CDR2 PRT 401 288 CDR3 PRT 402 288 FW1 PRT 403 288 FW2 PRT 404 288 FW3 PRT 405 288 FW4 PRT 406 288 VL DNA 407 288 VL PRT 408 288 CDR1 PRT 409 288 CDR2 PRT 410 288 CDR3 PRT 411 288 FW1 PRT 412 288 FW2 PRT 413 288 FW3 PRT 414 288 FW4 PRT 415 289 VH DNA 416 289 VH PRT 417 289 CDR1 PRT 418 289 CDR2 PRT 419 289 CDR3 PRT 420 289 FW1 PRT 421 289 FW2 PRT 422 289 FW3 PRT 423 289 FW4 PRT 424 289 VL DNA 425 289 VL PRT 426 289 CDR1 PRT 427 289 CDR2 PRT 428 289 CDR3 PRT 429 289 FW1 PRT 430 289 FW2 PRT 431 289 FW3 PRT 432 289 FW4 PRT 433 290 VH DNA 434 290 VH PRT 435 290 CDR1 PRT 436 290 CDR2 PRT 437 290 CDR3 PRT 438 290 FW1 PRT 439 290 FW2 PRT 440 290 FW3 PRT 441 290 FW4 PRT 442 290 VL DNA 443 290 VL PRT 444 290 CDR1 PRT 445 290 CDR2 PRT 446 290 CDR3 PRT 447 290 FW1 PRT 448 290 FW2 PRT 449 290 FW3 PRT 450 290 FW4 PRT 451 291 VH DNA 452 291 VH PRT 453 291 CDR1 PRT 454 291 CDR2 PRT 455 291 CDR3 PRT 456 291 FW1 PRT 457 291 FW2 PRT 458 291 FW3 PRT 459 291 FW4 PRT 460 291 VL DNA 461 291 VL PRT 462 291 CDR1 PRT 463 291 CDR2 PRT 464 291 CDR3 PRT 465 291 FW1 PRT 466 291 FW2 PRT 467 291 FW3 PRT 468 291 FW4 PRT 469 292 VH DNA 470 292 VH PRT 471 292 CDR1 PRT 472 292 CDR2 PRT 473 292 CDR3 PRT 474 292 FW1 PRT 475 292 FW2 PRT 476 292 FW3 PRT 477 292 FW4 PRT 478 292 VL DNA 479 292 VL PRT 480 292 CDR1 PRT 481 292 CDR2 PRT 482 292 CDR3 PRT 483 292 FW1 PRT 484 292 FW2 PRT 485 292 FW3 PRT 486 292 FW4 PRT 487 293 VH DNA 488 293 VH PRT 489 293 CDR1 PRT 490 293 CDR2 PRT 491 293 CDR3 PRT 492 293 FW1 PRT 493 293 FW2 PRT 494 293 FW3 PRT 495 293 FW4 PRT 496 293 VL DNA 497 293 VL PRT 498 293 CDR1 PRT 499 293 CDR2 PRT 500 293 CDR3 PRT 501 293 FW1 PRT 502 293 FW2 PRT 503 293 FW3 PRT 504 293 FW4 PRT 505 294 VH DNA 506 294 VH PRT 507 294 CDR1 PRT 508 294 CDR2 PRT 509 294 CDR3 PRT 510 294 FW1 PRT 511 294 FW2 PRT 512 294 FW3 PRT 513 294 FW4 PRT 514 294 VL DNA 515 294 VL PRT 516 294 CDR1 PRT 517 294 CDR2 PRT 518 294 CDR3 PRT 519 294 FW1 PRT 520 294 FW2 PRT 521 294 FW3 PRT 522 294 FW4 PRT 523 295 VH DNA 524 295 VH PRT 525 295 CDR1 PRT 526 295 CDR2 PRT 527 295 CDR3 PRT 528 295 FW1 PRT 529 295 FW2 PRT 530 295 FW3 PRT 531 295 FW4 PRT 532 295 VL DNA 533 295 VL PRT 534 295 CDR1 PRT 535 295 CDR2 PRT 536 295 CDR3 PRT 537 295 FW1 PRT 538 295 FW2 PRT 539 295 FW3 PRT 540 295 FW4 PRT 541 296 VH DNA 542 296 VH PRT 543 296 CDR1 PRT 544 296 CDR2 PRT 545 296 CDR3 PRT 546 296 FW1 PRT 547 296 FW2 PRT 548 296 FW3 PRT 549 296 FW4 PRT 550 296 VL DNA 551 296 VL PRT 552 296 CDR1 PRT 553 296 CDR2 PRT 554 296 CDR3 PRT 555 296 FW1 PRT 556 296 FW2 PRT 557 296 FW3 PRT 558 296 FW4 PRT 559 297 VH DNA 560 297 VH PRT 561 297 CDR1 PRT 562 297 CDR2 PRT 563 297 CDR3 PRT 564 297 FW1 PRT 565 297 FW2 PRT 566 297 FW3 PRT 567 297 FW4 PRT 568 297 VL DNA 569 297 VL PRT 570 297 CDR1 PRT 571 297 CDR2 PRT 572 297 CDR3 PRT 573 297 FW1 PRT 574 297 FW2 PRT 575 297 FW3 PRT 576 297 FW4 PRT 577 298 VH DNA 578 298 VH PRT 579 298 CDR1 PRT 580 298 CDR2 PRT 581 298 CDR3 PRT 582 298 FW1 PRT 583 298 FW2 PRT 584 298 FW3 PRT 585 298 FW4 PRT 586 298 VL DNA 587 298 VL PRT 588 298 CDR1 PRT 589 298 CDR2 PRT 590 298 CDR3 PRT 591 298 FW1 PRT 592 298 FW2 PRT 593 298 FW3 PRT 594 298 FW4 PRT 595 299 VH DNA 596 299 VH PRT 597 299 CDR1 PRT 598 299 CDR2 PRT 599 299 CDR3 PRT 600 299 FW1 PRT 601 299 FW2 PRT 602 299 FW3 PRT 603 299 FW4 PRT 604 299 VL DNA 605 299 VL PRT 606 299 CDR1 PRT 607 299 CDR2 PRT 608 299 CDR3 PRT 609 299 FW1 PRT 610 299 FW2 PRT 611 299 FW3 PRT 612 299 FW4 PRT 613 300 VH DNA 614 300 VH PRT 615 300 CDR1 PRT 616 300 CDR2 PRT 617 300 CDR3 PRT 618 300 FW1 PRT 619 300 FW2 PRT 620 300 FW3 PRT 621 300 FW4 PRT 622 300 VL DNA 623 300 VL PRT 624 300 CDR1 PRT 625 300 CDR2 PRT 626 300 CDR3 PRT 627 300 FW1 PRT 628 300 FW2 PRT 629 300 FW3 PRT 630 300 FW4 PRT 631 302 VH DNA 632 302 VH PRT 633 302 CDR1 PRT 634 302 CDR2 PRT 635 302 CDR3 PRT 636 302 FW1 PRT 637 302 FW2 PRT 638 302 FW3 PRT 639 302 FW4 PRT 640 302 VL DNA 641 302 VL PRT 642 302 CDR1 PRT 643 302 CDR2 PRT 644 302 CDR3 PRT 645 302 FW1 PRT 646 302 FW2 PRT 647 302 FW3 PRT 648 302 FW4 PRT 649 303 VH DNA 650 303 VH PRT 651 303 CDR1 PRT 652 303 CDR2 PRT 653 303 CDR3 PRT 654 303 FW1 PRT 655 303 FW2 PRT 656 303 FW3 PRT 657 303 FW4 PRT 658 303 VL DNA 659 303 VL PRT 660 303 CDR1 PRT 661 303 CDR2 PRT 662 303 CDR3 PRT 663 303 FW1 PRT 664 303 FW2 PRT 665 303 FW3 PRT 666 303 FW4 PRT 667 304 VH DNA 668 304 VH PRT 669 304 CDR1 PRT 670 304 CDR2 PRT 671 304 CDR3 PRT 672 304 FW1 PRT 673 304 FW2 PRT 674 304 FW3 PRT 675 304 FW4 PRT 676 304 VL DNA 677 304 VL PRT 678 304 CDR1 PRT 679 304 CDR2 PRT 680 304 CDR3 PRT 681 304 FW1 PRT 682 304 FW2 PRT 683 304 FW3 PRT 684 304 FW4 PRT 685 305 VH DNA 686 305 VH PRT 687 305 CDR1 PRT 688 305 CDR2 PRT 689 305 CDR3 PRT 690 305 FW1 PRT 691 305 FW2 PRT 692 305 FW3 PRT 693 305 FW4 PRT 694 305 VL DNA 695 305 VL PRT 696 305 CDR1 PRT 697 305 CDR2 PRT 698 305 CDR3 PRT 699 305 FW1 PRT 700 305 FW2 PRT 701 305 FW3 PRT 702 305 FW4 PRT 703 306 VH DNA 704 306 VH PRT 705 306 CDR1 PRT 706 306 CDR2 PRT 707 306 CDR3 PRT 708 306 FW1 PRT 709 306 FW2 PRT 710 306 FW3 PRT 711 306 FW4 PRT 712 306 VL DNA 713 306 VL PRT 714 306 CDR1 PRT 715 306 CDR2 PRT 716 306 CDR3 PRT 717 306 FW1 PRT 718 306 FW2 PRT 719 306 FW3 PRT 720 306 FW4 PRT 721 307 VH DNA 722 307 VH PRT 723 307 CDR1 PRT 724 307 CDR2 PRT 725 307 CDR3 PRT 726 307 FW1 PRT 727 307 FW2 PRT 728 307 FW3 PRT 729 307 FW4 PRT 730 307 VL DNA 731 307 VL PRT 732 307 CDR1 PRT 733 307 CDR2 PRT 734 307 CDR3 PRT 735 307 FW1 PRT 736 307 FW2 PRT 737 307 FW3 PRT 738 307 FW4 PRT 739 308 VH DNA 740 308 VH PRT 741 308 CDR1 PRT 742 308 CDR2 PRT 743 308 CDR3 PRT 744 308 FW1 PRT 745 308 FW2 PRT 746 308 FW3 PRT 747 308 FW4 PRT 748 308 VL DNA 749 308 VL PRT 750 308 CDR1 PRT 751 308 CDR2 PRT 752 308 CDR3 PRT 753 308 FW1 PRT 754 308 FW2 PRT 755 308 FW3 PRT 756 308 FW4 PRT 757 309 VH DNA 758 309 VH PRT 759 309 CDR1 PRT 760 309 CDR2 PRT 761 309 CDR3 PRT 762 309 FW1 PRT 763 309 FW2 PRT 764 309 FW3 PRT 765 309 FW4 PRT 766 309 VL DNA 767 309 VL PRT 768 309 CDR1 PRT 769 309 CDR2 PRT 770 309 CDR3 PRT 771 309 FW1 PRT 772 309 FW2 PRT 773 309 FW3 PRT 774 309 FW4 PRT 775 310 VH DNA 776 310 VH PRT 777 310 CDR1 PRT 778 310 CDR2 PRT 779 310 CDR3 PRT 780 310 FW1 PRT 781 310 FW2 PRT 782 310 FW3 PRT 783 310 FW4 PRT 784 310 VL DNA 785 310 VL PRT 786 310 CDR1 PRT 787 310 CDR2 PRT 788 310 CDR3 PRT 789 310 FW1 PRT 790 310 FW2 PRT 791 310 FW3 PRT 792 310 FW4 PRT 793 311 VH DNA 794 311 VH PRT 795 311 CDR1 PRT 796 311 CDR2 PRT 797 311 CDR3 PRT 798 311 FW1 PRT 799 311 FW2 PRT 800 311 FW3 PRT 801 311 FW4 PRT 802 311 VL DNA 803 311 VL PRT 804 311 CDR1 PRT 805 311 CDR2 PRT 806 311 CDR3 PRT 807 311 FW1 PRT 808 311 FW2 PRT 809 311 FW3 PRT 810 311 FW4 PRT 811 312 VH DNA 812 312 VH PRT 813 312 CDR1 PRT 814 312 CDR2 PRT 815 312 CDR3 PRT 816 312 FW1 PRT 817 312 FW2 PRT 818 312 FW3 PRT 819 312 FW4 PRT 820 312 VL DNA 821 312 VL PRT 822 312 CDR1 PRT 823 312 CDR2 PRT 824 312 CDR3 PRT 825 312 FW1 PRT 826 312 FW2 PRT 827 312 FW3 PRT 828 312 FW4 PRT 829 313 VH DNA 830 313 VH PRT 831 313 CDR1 PRT 832 313 CDR2 PRT 833 313 CDR3 PRT 834 313 FW1 PRT 835 313 FW2 PRT 836 313 FW3 PRT 837 313 FW4 PRT 838 313 VL DNA 839 313 VL PRT 840 313 CDR1 PRT 841 313 CDR2 PRT 842 313 CDR3 PRT 843 313 FW1 PRT 844 313 FW2 PRT 845 313 FW3 PRT 846 313 FW4 PRT 847 314 VH DNA 848 314 VH PRT 849 314 CDR1 PRT 850 314 CDR2 PRT 851 314 CDR3 PRT 852 314 FW1 PRT 853 314 FW2 PRT 854 314 FW3 PRT 855 314 FW4 PRT 856 314 VL DNA 857 314 VL PRT 858 314 CDR1 PRT 859 314 CDR2 PRT 860 314 CDR3 PRT 861 314 FW1 PRT 862 314 FW2 PRT 863 314 FW3 PRT 864 314 FW4 PRT 865 315 VH DNA 866 315 VH PRT 867 315 CDR1 PRT 868 315 CDR2 PRT 869 315 CDR3 PRT 870 315 FW1 PRT 871 315 FW2 PRT 872 315 FW3 PRT 873 315 FW4 PRT 874 315 VL DNA 875 315 VL PRT 876 315 CDR1 PRT 877 315 CDR2 PRT 878 315 CDR3 PRT 879 315 FW1 PRT 880 315 FW2 PRT 881 315 FW3 PRT 882 315 FW4 PRT 883 316 VH DNA 884 316 VH PRT 885 316 CDR1 PRT 886 316 CDR2 PRT 887 316 CDR3 PRT 888 316 FW1 PRT 889 316 FW2 PRT 892 316 FW3 PRT 891 316 FW4 PRT 892 316 VL DNA 893 316 VL PRT 894 316 CDR1 PRT 895 316 CDR2 PRT 896 316 CDR3 PRT 897 316 FW1 PRT 898 316 FW2 PRT 899 316 FW3 PRT 900 316 FW4 PRT 901 317 VH DNA 902 317 VH PRT 903 317 CDR1 PRT 904 317 CDR2 PRT 905 317 CDR3 PRT 906 317 FW1 PRT 907 317 FW2 PRT 908 317 FW3 PRT 909 317 FW4 PRT 910 317 VL DNA 911 317 VL PRT 912 317 CDR1 PRT 913 317 CDR2 PRT 914 317 CDR3 PRT 915 317 FW1 PRT 916 317 FW2 PRT 917 317 FW3 PRT 918 317 FW4 PRT 919 318 VH DNA 920 318 VH PRT 921 318 CDR1 PRT 922 318 CDR2 PRT 923 318 CDR3 PRT 924 318 FW1 PRT 925 318 FW2 PRT 926 318 FW3 PRT 927 318 FW4 PRT 928 318 VL DNA 929 318 VL PRT 930 318 CDR1 PRT 931 318 CDR2 PRT 932 318 CDR3 PRT 933 318 FW1 PRT 934 318 FW2 PRT 935 318 FW3 PRT 936 318 FW4 PRT 937 319 VH DNA 938 319 VH PRT 939 319 CDR1 PRT 940 319 CDR2 PRT 941 319 CDR3 PRT 942 319 FW1 PRT 943 319 FW2 PRT 944 319 FW3 PRT 945 319 FW4 PRT 946 319 VL DNA 947 319 VL PRT 948 319 CDR1 PRT 949 319 CDR2 PRT 950 319 CDR3 PRT 951 319 FW1 PRT 952 319 FW2 PRT 953 319 FW3 PRT 954 319 FW4 PRT 955 320 VH DNA 956 320 VH PRT 957 320 CDR1 PRT 958 320 CDR2 PRT 959 320 CDR3 PRT 960 320 FW1 PRT 961 320 FW2 PRT 962 320 FW3 PRT 963 320 FW4 PRT 964 320 VL DNA 965 320 VL PRT 966 320 CDR1 PRT 967 320 CDR2 PRT 968 320 CDR3 PRT 969 320 FW1 PRT 970 320 FW2 PRT 971 320 FW3 PRT 972 320 FW4 PRT 973 321 VH DNA 974 321 VH PRT 975 321 CDR1 PRT 976 321 CDR2 PRT 977 321 CDR3 PRT 978 321 FW1 PRT 979 321 FW2 PRT 980 321 FW3 PRT 981 321 FW4 PRT 982 321 VL DNA 983 321 VL PRT 984 321 CDR1 PRT 985 321 CDR2 PRT 986 321 CDR3 PRT 987 321 FW1 PRT 988 321 FW2 PRT 989 321 FW3 PRT 990 321 FW4 PRT 991 208 VH DNA 992 208 VH PRT 993 208 CDR1 PRT 994 208 CDR2 PRT 995 208 CDR3 PRT 996 208 FW1 PRT 997 208 FW2 PRT 998 208 FW3 PRT 999 208 FW4 PRT 100 208 VL DNA 1001 208 VL PRT 1002 208 CDR1 PRT 1003 208 CDR2 PRT 1004 208 CDR3 PRT 1005 208 FW1 PRT 1006 208 FW2 PRT 1007 208 FW3 PRT 1008 208 FW4 PRT

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As described below, the present invention provides antibodies that specifically bind a P2X4 polypeptide and modulate P2X4 channel activity, recombinant P2X4 polypeptides and methods for generating such polypeptides, as well as compositions and methods for generating anti-P2X4 antibodies, and methods of using P2X4 antibodies for the treatment of neuropathic pain and other indications.

Recombinant Expression of P2X4

The present invention provides purified isolated recombinant P2X4 polypeptides that form stable trimeric complexes. The invention further provides methods for the large scale production of purified and isolated human and murine P2X4 polypeptides, which is sufficient to produce milligram quantities of P2X4 protein, where the isolated and purified recombinant proteins are predominantly present as stable trimers. The total quantities of P2X4 that were produced for the selection and screening experiments described herein included 6.2 mg hP2X4 and 3.2 mg mP2X4. The production level of purified protein was 0.2 mg/L insect cell culture. As assayed by fluorescent size exclusion chromatography the protein preparation contains 50-75% trimer.

Expression and purification of human-P2X4 with a C-terminal deca Histidine tag in HEK293 cells has been described (Young et al., J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 26241-26251). The purification involved solubilization using dodecylmaltoside detergent and Ni-immobilized metal affinity chromatography. A polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic purification step was required to isolate the trimeric form. Although a fully trimeric preparation of hP2X4 was claimed to have been isolated, the described yield was only 40 μg per 2.5×10⁸ cells.

Another example of small scale expression and purification of trimer rat P2X channels (subtypes 2, 4 and 7) has been performed (Antonio et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 163 (2011) 1069-1077). Rat P2X4 receptors having a C-terminal Hemaglutinin tag were expressed transiently in tsA 201 cells (a sub-clone of HEK293 cells stably expressing the SV40 large T-antigen). Receptors were solubilized in CHAPS detergent and affinity purified. Compared to expression of P2X2 and P2X7, expression of P2X4 was relatively low. The purified receptors were used in AFM imaging, which showed trimeric arrangement of the receptors and also double trimers (dimers of trimers).

In another report Sf9 insect cell system was evaluated for expression of human P2X4 and Dictyostelium discoideum P2XA (Valente et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1808 (2011) 2859-2866). While the D. discoideum P2XA could be obtained in a stable, purified and detergent soluble form, the human P2X4 was reported not to be amenable to be produced in a trimeric form.

The methods present in the prior art uniformly failed to isolate substantial quantities of recombinant P2X4 polypeptides. Moreover, the prior art failed to isolate human P2X4 complexes in milligram quantities where the majority of the isolated proteins were present in trimeric form. In contrast, the methods of the invention, which are suitable for scale up, have allowed milligram scale production of purified recombinant P2X4 polypeptide. The yield of purified P2X4 obtained was 0.2 mg/L insect cell culture medium, corresponding to approximately 8 μg per 1×10⁸ cells.

For the large scale production of purified P2X4, the human P2X4 and mouse P2X4 receptors were expressed in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. Expression and protein production are not limited to Sf9 insect cell lines, other insect cell and cell lines that support protein production include Spodoptera fugiperda Sf21 cells or Trichoplusia ni derived cell lines Tn-368 and High-Five™ BTI-TN-5B1-4. To increase protein production, P2X4 expression levels were monitored at the time of harvest, and the quality and homogeneity of the receptors was assessed using a modified size-exclusion chromatography while detecting fluorescence (FSEC) method as described by Backmark et al., (Protein Sci. 22 (2013) 1124-1132). This method is similar to the basic FSEC concept as described by Kawate and Gouaux (Structure 14 (2006) 673-681), but applied a fluorescent probe that specifically interacts with a Histidine tag on the protein. To achieve the surprising yields reported herein, cells were innoculated at a density of 1.0×10e⁶/mL in SF900II medium. Cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of 2 at a cell density of 2×10e⁶ cells/ml. Protein expression was performed at 27° C. and cells were harvested 72 hours post infection. These conditions permitted an optimal quantity of the trimeric form of P2X4 to be produced. The homogeneity of protein was unexpected. While the total amount of expressed P2X4 protein increased with longer post infection times, the quality of the expressed protein as assayed by FSEC did not increase beyond 72 hours.

Anti-P2X4 Antibodies

The disclosure provides anti-P2X4 antibodies that comprise novel antigen-binding fragments. In a particular embodiment, the anti-P2X4 antibody is an anti-P2X4 antibody described herein (e.g., Antibodies 1-48) or a fragment thereof.

In general, antibodies can be made, for example, using traditional hybridoma techniques (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature, 256: 495-499), recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), or phage display performed with antibody libraries (Clackson, T. and Lowman, H. B. Phage Display—A Practical Approach, 2004. Oxford University Press; (2) Thompson, J. et al. J Mol Biol. 256(1):77-88, 1996; (3) Osbourn, J. K. et al. Immunotechnology, 2(3):181-96, 1996). Exemplary antibodies 35-48 were obtained using hybridoma techniques as described herein. Exemplary antibodies 1-34 were obtained using phage display as described herein. For other antibody production techniques, see also Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, eds. Harlow et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988. The invention is not limited to any particular source, species of origin, or method of production.

Intact antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are typically tetrameric glycosylated proteins composed of two light (L) chains of approximately 25 kDa each and two heavy (H) chains of approximately 50 kDa each. Two types of light chain, designated as the λ chain and the x chain, are found in antibodies. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to five major classes: A, D, E, G, and M, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, IgG₄, IgA₁, and IgA₂.

The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known in the art. For a review of antibody structure, see Harlow et al., supra. Briefly, each light chain is composed of an N-terminal variable domain (V_(L)) and a constant domain (C_(L)). Each heavy chain is composed of an N-terminal variable domain (V_(H)), three or four constant domains (C_(H)), and a hinge region. The C_(H) domain most proximal to V_(H) is designated as C_(H)1. The V_(H) and V_(L) domains consist of four regions of relatively conserved sequence called framework regions (FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4), which form a scaffold for three regions of hypervariable sequence called complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The CDRs contain most of the residues responsible for specific interactions with the antigen. The three CDRs are referred to as CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. CDR constituents on the heavy chain are referred to as H1, H2, and H3, while CDR constituents on the light chain are referred to as L1, L2, and L3, accordingly. CDR3 and, particularly H3, are the greatest source of molecular diversity within the antigen-binding domain. H3, for example, can be as short as two amino acid residues or greater than 26. In particular embodiments, a heavy chain CDR3 (H3) comprises between about 4 amino acids (see, for example, Ab No. 2) and 22 amino acids (see, for example, Ab Nos. 20 and 34).

The Fab fragment (Fragment antigen-binding) consists of the V_(H)-C_(H)1 and V_(L)-C_(L) domains covalently linked by a disulfide bond between the constant regions. To overcome the tendency of non-covalently linked V_(H) and V_(L) domains in the Fv to dissociate when co-expressed in a host cell, a so-called single chain (sc) Fv fragment (scFv) can be constructed. In a scFv, a flexible and adequately long polypeptide links either the C-terminus of the V_(H) to the N-terminus of the V_(L) or the C-terminus of the V_(L) to the N-terminus of the V_(H). Most commonly, a 15-residue (Gly₄Ser)₃ peptide is used as a linker, but other linkers are also known in the art.

Antibody diversity is a result of combinatorial assembly of multiple germline genes encoding variable regions and a variety of somatic events. The somatic events include recombination of variable gene segments with diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments to make a complete V_(H) region and the recombination of variable and joining gene segments to make a complete V_(L) region. The recombination process itself is imprecise, resulting in the loss or addition of amino acids at the V(D)J junctions. These mechanisms of diversity occur in the developing B cell prior to antigen exposure. After antigenic stimulation, the expressed antibody genes in B cells undergo somatic mutation.

Based on the estimated number of germline gene segments, the random recombination of these segments, and random V_(H)-V_(L) pairing, up to 1.6×10⁷ different antibodies could be produced (Fundamental Immunology, 3rd ed., ed. Paul, Raven Press, New York, N.Y., 1993). When other processes that contribute to antibody diversity (such as somatic mutation) are taken into account, it is thought that upwards of 1×10¹⁰ different antibodies could be potentially generated (Immunoglobulin Genes, 2^(nd) ed., eds. Jonio et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1995). Because of the many processes involved in antibody diversity, it is highly unlikely that independently generated antibodies will have identical or even substantially similar amino acid sequences in the CDRs.

The disclosure provides novel CDRs derived from human immunoglobulin gene libraries. The structure for carrying a CDR will generally be an antibody heavy or light chain or a portion thereof, in which the CDR is located at a location corresponding to the CDR of naturally occurring V_(H) and V_(L). The structures and locations of immunoglobulin variable domains may be determined, for example, as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, No. 91-3242, National Institutes of Health Publications, Bethesda, Md., 1991.

The amino acid sequences of anti-P2X4 antibodies 1-48, 208, and 287 to 321, including their V_(H) and V_(L) domains are set forth in the Figures and described herein.

Anti-P2X4 antibodies may optionally comprise antibody constant regions or parts thereof. For example, a V_(L) domain may have attached, at its C terminus, antibody light chain constant domains including human Cκ or Cλ chains. Similarly, a specific antigen-binding domain based on a V_(H) domain may have attached all or part of an immunoglobulin heavy chain derived from any antibody isotope, e.g., IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgM and any of the isotope subclasses, which include but are not limited to, IgG₁ and IgG₄. The DNA and amino acid sequences for the C-terminal fragment of are well known in the art (see, e.g., Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, No. 91-3242, National Institutes of Health Publications, Bethesda, Md., 1991).

Certain embodiments comprise a V_(H) and/or V_(L) domain of an Fv fragment from a P2X4 antibody. Further embodiments comprise at least one CDR of any of these V_(H) and V_(L) domains. Antibodies, comprising at least one of the CDR sequences set forth for Antibody Nos. 1-48 are encompassed within the scope of this invention. In one particular embodiment, an antibody of the invention comprises CDR3 of V_(H).

In certain embodiments, the V_(H) and/or V_(L) domains may be germlined, i.e., the framework regions (FRs) of these domains are mutated using conventional molecular biology techniques to match those produced by the germline cells. In other embodiments, the framework sequences remain diverged from the consensus germline sequences.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies specifically bind an epitope within the extracellular domain of human P2X4. In certain embodiments, the antibodies specifically bind an epitope within the extracellular domain of human or mouse P2X4, with an affinity of more than 10⁶ M⁻¹, more than 10⁷ M⁻¹, or more than 108 M⁻¹.

It is contemplated that antibodies of the invention may also bind with other proteins, including, for example, recombinant proteins comprising all or a portion of the P2X4 extracellular domain.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the antibodies of this invention may be used to detect, measure, and inhibit proteins that differ somewhat from P2X4. The antibodies are expected to retain the specificity of binding so long as the target protein comprises a sequence which is at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or more identical to any sequence of at least 100, 80, 60, 40, or 20 of contiguous amino acids of P2X4 (NCBI Ref. No. Q99571). The percent identity is determined by standard alignment algorithms such as, for example, Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) described in Altshul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410, the algorithm of Needleman et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol., 48: 444-453, or the algorithm of Meyers et al. (1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17.

In addition to the sequence homology analyses, epitope mapping (see, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols, ed. Morris, Humana Press, 1996) and secondary and tertiary structure analyses can be carried out to identify specific 3D structures assumed by the disclosed antibodies and their complexes with antigens. An example of such a 3D structure is provided for Antibody No. 11. Such methods include, but are not limited to, X-ray crystallography (Engstom (1974) Biochem. Exp. Biol., 11:7-13) and computer modeling of virtual representations of the presently disclosed antibodies (Fletterick et al. (1986) Computer Graphics and Molecular Modeling, in Current Communications in Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

Derivatives

This disclosure provides methods for obtaining antibodies specific for P2X4. CDRs in such antibodies are not limited to the specific sequences of V_(H) and V_(L) identified herein, and may include variants of these sequences that retain the ability to specifically bind P2X4. Such variants may be derived from the sequences listed herein by a skilled artisan using techniques well known in the art. For example, amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions, can be made in the FRs and/or in the CDRs. While changes in the FRs are usually designed to improve stability and immunogenicity of the antibody, changes in the CDRs are typically designed to increase affinity of the antibody for its target. Variants of FRs also include naturally occurring immunoglobulin allotypes. Such affinity-increasing changes may be determined empirically by routine techniques that involve altering the CDR and testing the affinity of the antibody for its target. For example, conservative amino acid substitutions can be made within any one of the disclosed CDRs. Various alterations can be made according to the methods described in Antibody Engineering, 2^(nd) ed., Oxford University Press, ed. Borrebaeck, 1995. These include, but are not limited to, nucleotide sequences that are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode a functionally equivalent amino acid residue within the sequence, thus producing a “silent” change. For example, the nonpolar amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine. The polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine. The positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Substitutes for an amino acid within the sequence may be selected from other members of the class to which the amino acid belongs (see Table 1). Furthermore, any native residue in the polypeptide may also be substituted with alanine (see, e.g., MacLennan et al. (1998) Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 643:55-67; Sasaki et al. (1998) Adv. Biophys. 35:1-24).

TABLE 1 Original Exemplary Typical Residues Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) Val, Leu, Ile Val Arg (R) Lys, Gln, Asn Lys Asn (N) Gln Gln Asp (D) Glu Glu Cys (C) Ser, Ala Ser Gln (Q) Asn Asn Gly (G) Pro, Ala Ala His (H) Asn, Gln, Lys, Arg Arg Ile (I) Leu, Val, Met, Ala, Phe, Norleucine Leu Leu (L) Norleucine, Ile, Val, Met, Ala, Phe Ile Lys (K) Arg, 1,4-Diamino-butyric Acid, Gln, Asn Arg Met (M) Leu, Phe, Ile Leu Phe (F) Leu, Val, Ile, Ala, Tyr Leu Pro (P) Ala Gly Ser (S) Thr, Ala, Cys Thr Thr (T) Ser Ser Trp (W) Tyr, Phe Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp, Phe, Thr, Ser Phe Val (V) Ile, Met, Leu, Phe, Ala, Norleucine Leu

Derivatives and analogs of antibodies of the invention can be produced by various techniques well known in the art, including recombinant and synthetic methods (Maniatis (1990) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., and Bodansky et al. (1995) The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., Spring Verlag, Berlin, Germany).

In one embodiment, a method for making a V_(H) domain which is an amino acid sequence variant of a V_(H) domain of the invention comprises a step of adding, deleting, substituting, or inserting one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence of the presently disclosed V_(H) domain, optionally combining the V_(H) domain thus provided with one or more V_(L) domains, and testing the V_(H) domain or V_(H)/V_(L) combination or combinations for a specific binding to P2X4 or and, optionally, testing the ability of such antigen-binding domain to modulate P2X4 activity, for example, using an electrophysiology assay described herein. The V_(L) domain may have an amino acid sequence that is identical or is substantially identical to a polypeptide of the invention.

An analogous method can be employed in which one or more sequence variants of a V_(L) domain disclosed herein are combined with one or more V_(H) domains.

A further aspect of the disclosure provides a method of preparing an antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds with P2X4. The method comprises:

-   -   (a) providing a starting repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a         V_(H) domain that either includes a CDR3 to be replaced or lacks         a CDR3 encoding region;     -   (b) combining the repertoire with a donor nucleic acid encoding         an amino acid sequence substantially as set out herein for a         V_(H) CDR3 (i.e., H3) such that the donor nucleic acid is         inserted into the CDR3 region in the repertoire, so as to         provide a product repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a V_(H)         domain;     -   (c) expressing the nucleic acids of the product repertoire;     -   (d) selecting a binding fragment specific for P2X4; and     -   (e) recovering the specific binding fragment or nucleic acid         encoding it.

Again, an analogous method may be employed in which a V_(L) CDR3 (i.e., L3) of the invention is combined with a repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a V_(L) domain, which either include a CDR3 to be replaced or lack a CDR3 encoding region. The donor nucleic acid may be selected from nucleic acids encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in Antibody Nos. 1-48.

A sequence encoding a CDR of the invention (e.g., CDR3) may be introduced into a repertoire of variable domains lacking the respective CDR (e.g., CDR3), using recombinant DNA technology, for example, using methodology described by Marks et al. (Bio/Technology (1992) 10: 779-783). In particular, consensus primers directed at or adjacent to the 5′ end of the variable domain area can be used in conjunction with consensus primers to the third framework region of human V_(H) genes to provide a repertoire of V_(H) variable domains lacking a CDR3. The repertoire may be combined with a CDR3 of a particular antibody. Using analogous techniques, the CDR3-derived sequences may be shuffled with repertoires of V_(H) or V_(L) domains lacking a CDR3, and the shuffled complete V_(H) or V_(L) domains combined with a cognate V_(L) or V_(H) domain to make the P2X4-specific antibodies of the invention. The repertoire may then be displayed in a suitable host system such as the phage display system described herein or as described in WO92/01047 so that suitable antigen-binding fragments can be selected.

Analogous shuffling or combinatorial techniques are also disclosed by Stemmer (Nature (1994) 370: 389-391), who describes the technique in relation to a β-lactamase gene but observes that the approach may be used for the generation of antibodies.

In further embodiments, one may generate novel V_(H) or V_(L) regions carrying one or more sequences derived from the sequences disclosed herein using random mutagenesis of one or more selected V_(H) and/or V_(L) genes. One such technique, error-prone PCR, is described by Gram et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) 89: 3576-3580).

Another method that may be used is to direct mutagenesis to CDRs of V_(H) or V_(L) genes. Such techniques are disclosed by Barbas et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) 91: 3809-3813) and Schier et al. (J. Mol. Biol. (1996) 263: 551-567).

Similarly, one or more, or all three CDRs may be grafted into a repertoire of V_(H) or V_(L) domains, which are then screened for an antigen-binding fragment specific for P2X4.

A portion of an immunoglobulin variable domain will comprise at least one of the CDRs substantially as set out herein and, optionally, intervening framework regions from the scFv fragments as set out herein. The portion may include at least about 50% of either or both of FR1 and FR4, the 50% being the C-terminal 50% of FR1 and the N-terminal 50% of FR4. Additional residues at the N-terminal or C-terminal end of the substantial part of the variable domain may be those not normally associated with naturally occurring variable domain regions. For example, construction of antibodies by recombinant DNA techniques may result in the introduction of N- or C-terminal residues encoded by linkers introduced to facilitate cloning or other manipulation steps. Other manipulation steps include the introduction of linkers to join variable domains to further protein sequences including immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions, other variable domains (for example, in the production of diabodies), or proteinaceous labels as discussed in further detail below.

Although the embodiments illustrated in the Examples comprise a “matching” pair of V_(H) and V_(L) domains, a skilled artisan will recognize that alternative embodiments may comprise antigen-binding fragments containing only a single CDR from either V_(L) or V_(H) domain. In particular embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is CDR3 of V_(H) (H3). Either one of the single chain specific binding domains can be used to screen for complementary domains capable of forming a two-domain specific antigen-binding fragment capable of, for example, binding to P2X4. The screening may be accomplished by phage display screening methods using the so-called hierarchical dual combinatorial approach disclosed in WO92/01047, in which an individual colony containing either an H or L chain clone is used to infect a complete library of clones encoding the other chain (L or H) and the resulting two-chain specific binding domain is selected in accordance with phage display techniques as described.

Anti-P2X4 antibodies described herein can be linked to another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein (albumin, another antibody, etc.). For example, the antibodies can be linked by chemical cross-linking or by recombinant methods.

The disclosed antibodies may also be altered to have a glycosylation pattern that differs from the native pattern. For example, one or more carbohydrate moieties can be deleted and/or one or more glycosylation sites added to the original antibody. Addition of glycosylation sites to the presently disclosed antibodies may be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence to contain glycosylation site consensus sequences known in the art. Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the antibodies is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the amino acid residues of the antibody. Such methods are described in WO 87/05330 and in Aplin et al. (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., 22: 259-306. Removal of any carbohydrate moieties from the antibodies may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically, for example, as described by Hakimuddin et al. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 259: 52; and Edge et al. (1981) Anal. Biochem., 118: 131 and by Thotakura et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymol., 138: 350. The antibodies may also be tagged with a detectable, or functional, label. Detectable labels include radiolabels such as ¹³¹I or ⁹⁹Tc, which may also be attached to antibodies using conventional chemistry. Detectable labels also include enzyme labels such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Detectable labels further include chemical moieties such as biotin, which may be detected via binding to a specific cognate detectable moiety, e.g., labeled avidin.

Typically, an amino acid is substituted by a related amino acid having similar charge, hydrophobic, or stereochemical characteristics. Such substitutions would be within the ordinary skills of an artisan. Unlike in CDRs, more substantial changes can be made in FRs without adversely affecting the binding properties of an antibody. Changes to FRs include, but are not limited to, humanizing a non-human derived or engineering certain framework residues that are important for antigen contact or for stabilizing the binding site, e.g., changing the class or subclass of the constant region, changing specific amino acid residues which might alter the effector function such as Fc receptor binding, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260 and Lund et al. (1991) J. Immun. 147: 2657-2662 and Morgan et al. (1995) Immunology 86: 319-324, or changing the species from which the constant region is derived.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the modifications described above are not all-exhaustive, and that many other modifications would obvious to a skilled artisan in light of the teachings of the present disclosure.

Nucleic Acids, Cloning and Expression Systems

The present disclosure provides the amino acid sequence of the disclosed antibodies. Once provided with this information, one of skill in the art could readily obtain nucleic acid molecules encoding the disclosed antibodies. The nucleic acids may comprise DNA or RNA and may be wholly or partially synthetic or recombinant. Reference to a nucleotide sequence encompasses a DNA molecule with the specified sequence, and encompasses a RNA molecule with the specified sequence in which U is substituted for T, unless context requires otherwise.

The nucleic acids molecules of the invention comprise a coding sequence for a CDR, a V_(H) domain, and/or a V_(L) domain disclosed herein.

The present disclosure also provides constructs in the form of plasmids, vectors, phagemids, transcription or expression cassettes which comprise at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a CDR, a V_(H) domain, and/or a V_(L) domain disclosed herein.

The disclosure further provides a host cell which comprises one or more constructs as above.

Also provided are nucleic acids encoding any CDR (H1, H2, H3, L1, L2, or L3), V_(H) or V_(L) domain, as well as methods of making of the encoded products. The method comprises expressing the encoded product from the encoding nucleic acid. Expression may be achieved by culturing under appropriate conditions recombinant host cells containing the nucleic acid. Following production by expression a V_(H) or V_(L) domain, or specific binding member may be isolated and/or purified using any suitable technique, then used as appropriate.

Antigen-binding fragments, V_(H) and/or V_(L) domains and encoding nucleic acid molecules and vectors may be isolated and/or purified from their natural environment, in substantially pure or homogeneous form, or, in the case of nucleic acid, free or substantially free of nucleic acid or genes of origin other than the sequence encoding a polypeptide with the required function.

Systems for cloning and expression of a polypeptide in a variety of different host cells are well known in the art. For cells suitable for producing antibodies, see Gene Expression Systems, Academic Press, eds. Fernandez et al., 1999. Briefly, suitable host cells include bacteria, plant cells, mammalian cells, and yeast and baculovirus systems. Mammalian cell lines available in the art for expression of a heterologous polypeptide include Chinese hamster ovary cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney cells, NS0 mouse myeloma cells, and many others. A common bacterial host is E. coli. Any protein expression system compatible with the invention may be used to produce the disclosed antibodies. Suitable expression systems include transgenic animals described in Gene Expression Systems, Academic Press, eds. Fernandez et al., 1999.

Suitable vectors can be chosen or constructed, so that they contain appropriate regulatory sequences, including promoter sequences, terminator sequences, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences, marker genes and other sequences as appropriate. Vectors may be plasmids or viral, e.g., phage, or phagemid, as appropriate. For further details see, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. Many known techniques and protocols for manipulation of nucleic acid, for example, in preparation of nucleic acid constructs, mutagenesis, sequencing, introduction of DNA into cells and gene expression, and analysis of proteins, are described in detail in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition, eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons, 1992.

A further aspect of the disclosure provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acid as disclosed here. A still further aspect provides a method comprising introducing such nucleic acid into a host cell. The introduction may employ any available technique. For eukaryotic cells, suitable techniques may include calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran, electroporation, liposome-mediated transfection and transduction using retrovirus or other virus, e.g., vaccinia or, for insect cells, baculovirus. For bacterial cells, suitable techniques may include calcium chloride transformation, electroporation and transfection using bacteriophage. The introduction of the nucleic acid into the cells may be followed by causing or allowing expression from the nucleic acid, e.g., by culturing host cells under conditions for expression of the gene.

Methods of Use

The disclosed anti-P2X4 antibodies are capable of modulating the electrophysiological activity of P2X4. In particular, antibodies provided herein may be used to inhibit or potentiate P2X4 channel conductance. Such antibodies can be used to treat P2X4-associated medical disorders in mammals, especially, in humans. In particular, antibodies that inhibit P2X4 activity are useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Antibodies that potentiate P2X4 activity are useful in other therapeutic methods, including but not limited to microglia-mediated diseases and disorders and macrophage-mediated diseases and disorders.

Antibodies of the invention can also be used for isolating P2X4 or P2X4-expressing cells.

As demonstrated in the Examples, binding of P2X4 with an anti-P2X4 antibody modulates P2X4 biological activity by potentiating or reducing passage of ions through the P2X4 channel.

The antibodies or antibody compositions of the present invention are administered in therapeutically effective amounts. Generally, a therapeutically effective amount may vary with the subject's age, condition, and sex, as well as the severity of the medical condition of the subject. The appropriate dose is chosen based on clinical indications by a treating physician.

The antibodies may be given as a bolus dose, to maximize the circulating levels of antibodies for the greatest length of time after the dose. Continuous infusion may also be used after the bolus dose.

Anti-P2X4 antibodies of the invention may be used to detect the presence of P2X4 in biological samples. Detection methods that employ antibodies are well known in the art and include, for example, ELISA, radioimmunoassay, immunoblot, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation. If desired, an anti-P2X4 antibody is modified, for example, with a ligand group (such as biotin) or a detectable marker group (such as a fluorescent group, a radioisotope or an enzyme). If desired, the antibodies of the invention may be labeled using conventional techniques. Suitable detectable labels include, for example, fluorophores, chromophores, radioactive atoms, electron-dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners. Enzymes are typically detected by their activity. For example, horseradish peroxidase can be detected by its ability to convert tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue pigment, quantifiable with a spectrophotometer. For detection, suitable binding partners include, but are not limited to, biotin and avidin or streptavidin, IgG and protein A, and the numerous receptor-ligand couples known in the art. Other permutations and possibilities will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are considered as equivalents within the scope of the invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration

The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising anti-P2X4 antibodies (e.g., Antibody Nos. 1-48). Such compositions are likely suitable for pharmaceutical use and administration to patients. The compositions typically comprise one or more antibodies of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial agents and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. The compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Methods to accomplish the administration are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The administration may, for example, be intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous or transdermal. In one embodiment, neuropathic pain is treated by intrathecal administration. It may also be possible to obtain compositions which may be topically or orally administered, or which may be capable of transmission across mucous membranes.

Solutions or suspensions used for intradermal or subcutaneous application typically include one or more of the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Such preparations may be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injection include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars; polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, and sodium chloride in the composition. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and/or by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate, and gelatin.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For oral administration, the antibodies can be combined with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches, and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature; a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration may be accomplished, for example, through the use of lozenges, nasal sprays, inhalers, or suppositories. For example, in case of antibodies that comprise the Fc portion, compositions may be capable of transmission across mucous membranes in intestine, mouth, or lungs (e.g., via the FcRn receptor-mediated pathway as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,613). For transdermal administration, the active compounds may be formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. For administration by inhalation, the antibodies may be delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser, which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed antibodies are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Liposomal suspensions containing the presently disclosed antibodies can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It may be advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in a dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The term “dosage unit form” as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the composition of the invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.

The data obtained from electrophysiological experiments and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the antibody which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms). Circulating levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of any particular dosage can be monitored by a suitable bioassay. The dosage lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.

Kits

The invention provides kits for modulating P2X4 activity. Antibodies that potentiate P2X4 activity are useful for the treatment of indications mediated by decreased P2X4 activity as described herein. Antibodies that inhibit P2X4 activity are useful for the treatment or prevention of neuropathic pain and/or microglia-mediated diseases and disorders and/or macrophage-mediated diseases and disorders. In one embodiment, the kit includes a therapeutic or prophylactic composition containing an effective amount of an anti-P2X4 antibody that modulates P2X4 activity in unit dosage form.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises a sterile container which contains a therapeutic or prophylactic cellular composition; such containers can be boxes, ampules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding medicaments.

If desired an antibody of the invention is provided together with instructions for administering the antibody or agent to a subject having or at risk of developing neuropathic pain. The instructions will generally include information about the use of the composition for the treatment or prevention of such indications. In other embodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following: description of the therapeutic agent; dosage schedule and administration for treatment or prevention of an immune disorder or symptoms thereof; precautions; warnings; indications; counter-indications; overdosage information; adverse reactions; animal pharmacology; clinical studies; and/or references. The instructions may be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the container.

The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry and immunology, which are well within the purview of the skilled artisan. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature, such as, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, second edition (Sambrook, 1989); “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (Gait, 1984); “Animal Cell Culture” (Freshney, 1987); “Methods in Enzymology” “Handbook of Experimental Immunology” (Weir, 1996); “Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells” (Miller and Calos, 1987); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (Ausubel, 1987); “PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction”, (Mullis, 1994); “Current Protocols in Immunology” (Coligan, 1991). These techniques are applicable to the production of the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention, and, as such, may be considered in making and practicing the invention. Particularly useful techniques for particular embodiments will be discussed in the sections that follow.

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the anti-P2X4 antibodies in assay, screening, and therapeutic methods of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Production and Isolation of Recombinant P2X4 Proteins

Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (Q99571), a natural variant of human P2X purinoceptor 4 with an S to G mutation at position 242 (Corresponds to variant rs25644) and murine P2× purinoceptor 4 (Q9JJX6) proteins were designed with a C-terminal AVI tag (Avidity LLC) and a C-terminal Histidine tag. The constructs were cloned into pFASTBAC1 vectors (Life Technologies). Bacmids were generated in DH10Bac (Life Technologies) E. coli cells. Bacmids were subsequently transfected into Sf9 insect cells (Spodopterafrugiperda Sf9 cells from Life Technologies, cat no 11496-015) for production of recombinant baculovirus particles, which in turn were used to infect Sf9 cells for protein expression.

Expression parameters were assessed by monitoring expression level, protein quality and the homogeneity of the receptor using a modified Fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography (FSEC) method described by Backmark et al., (Protein Sci. 22 (2013) 1124-1132). This method is similar to the basic FSEC concept as described by Kawate and Gouaux (Structure 14 (2006) 673-681), but applied a fluorescent probe that specifically interacts with the Histidine tag on the protein. Cells were typically innoculated at a density of 1.0×10e6/mL in SF900II medium. Cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of 2 at a cell density of 2×10E6 cells/ml. Protein expression was performed at 27° C. and cells were harvested 72 hours post infection. Expression parameters were selected to enhance the quantity of trimer and homogeneity of protein present as trimers. As assayed by fluorescent size exclusion chromatography, the protein preparation contains 50-75% trimer. Although the total amount of receptor increased with longer post infection times, FSEC analysis indicated that protein quality declined when the expression time was increased past 72 hours.

Human P2X4 receptor and mouse P2X4 were purified as follows. Membranes were prepared from SF9 cells. Membrane proteins were extracted from the membranes by detergent solubilization, using combinations of detergents, salts, buffers and additives, including n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside CAS 69227-93-6 (0-2% (w/v)), n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside CAS 148565-58-6 (0-1% (w/v)), (3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-Dimethylammonio]-1-Propane Sulfonate/N,N-Dimethyl-3-Sulfo-N-[3-[[3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-Oxocholan-24-yl]Amino]propyl]-1-Propanaminium Hydroxide abbreviated to CHAPS CAS 75621-03-3 (0-0.6% (w/v)), and Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate CAS 102601-49-0 (0-0.12% (w/v)). Without being bound to theory, higher concentrations of the indicated substances as well as alternative detergents support extraction of the protein from the membranes. The proteins underwent standard affinity and size exclusion chromatography purification. The purified protein was formulated in a buffer which contained 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 600 mM NaCl, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 0.025 (w/v) % n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside CAS 69227-93-6, 0.0125% (w/v), n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside CAS 148565-58-6, 0.0075% (w/v) (3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-Dimethylammonio]-1-Propane Sulfonate/N,N-Dimethyl-3-Sulfo-N-[3-[[3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-Oxocholan-24-yl]Amino]propyl]-1-Propanaminium Hydroxide abbreviated to CHAPS CAS 75621-03-3, and 0.0015% (w/v) Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate CAS 102601-49-0.

The purified protein was formulated under alternative conditions, including phosphate buffers and HEPES buffers 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid buffers CAS 7365-45-9. The pH of the various buffers has ranged from 7.0-8.0. Salt (NaCl) has been varied between 120-600 mM. Glycerol can be excluded from the protein formulation. Various detergents have been used in protein formulation, such as lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol 2,2-didecylpropane-1,3-bis-P3-D-maltopyranoside, decyl maltose neopentyl glycol 2,2-dioctylpropane-1,3-bis-P3-D-maltopyranoside, octyl maltose neopentyl glycol 2,2-dihexylpropane-1,3-bis-P3-D-maltopyranoside, CYMAL-5 5-Cyclohexyl-1-pentyl-P3-D-maltoside CAS 250692-65-0, n-Tetradecylphosphocholine 77733-28-9, n-Decyl-P3-D-Maltopyranoside CAS 82494-09-5, n-octyl-P3-D-glucoside CAS 29836-26-8 and n-nonyl-1-D-glucoside CAS 69984-73-2. Formulations in other detergents are also possible. The concentration of Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate CAS 102601-49-0 can be varied and excluded from the protein formulation as well.

Example 2: Purification of Trimeric P2X4 Complexes

In vivo, P2X receptors form functional trimeric ion channels. The solubilised and purified P2X4 proteins are typically present in a range of oligomeric states, including monomers, dimers, trimers, and hexamers (i.e., dimers of trimers). This range of oligomeric states is described for example, by references (Backmark et al., Protein Sci. 22 (2013) 1124-1132; Kawate et al., Structure 14 (2006) 673-681; Kawate et al., Nature 460 (2009) 592-598; Nakazawa et al., European Journal of Pharmacology 518 (2005) 107-110; Nicke et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 63 (2003) 243-252). To obtain a stable predominantly trimeric arrangement, solubilization conditions were adjusted.

Combinations of detergents, additives, buffers and pH were varied. Optimal conditions were selected to increase the FSEC signature of the trimer while reducing larger order oligomeric arrangements and aggregates. Such undesirable forms were eluted in the void volume of the size-exclusion columns applied. Conditions tested included KPO4-HCl pH 7.4, 600 mM NaCl and 2% (w/v) n-dodecyl-beta-maltopyranoside CAS 69227-93-6. Optimal solubilization was obtained in buffers containing combinations of the detergents including n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside CAS 69227-93-6, n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside CAS 148565-58-6, (3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-Dimethylammonio]-1-Propane Sulfonate/N,N-Dimethyl-3-Sulfo-N-[3-[[3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-Oxocholan-24-yl]Amino]propyl]-1-Propanaminium Hydroxide abbreviated to CHAPS CAS 75621-03-3, and the additive Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate CAS 102601-49-0. The purified protein was formulated in a buffer which contained 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 600 mM NaCl, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 0.025 (w/v) % n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside CAS 69227-93-6, 0.0125% (w/v), n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside CAS 148565-58-6, 0.0075% (w/v) (3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-Dimethylammonio]-1-Propane Sulfonate/N,N-Dimethyl-3-Sulfo-N-[3-[[3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-Oxocholan-24-yl]Amino]propyl]-1-Propanaminium Hydroxide abbreviated to CHAPS CAS 75621-03-3, and 0.0015% (w/v) Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate CAS 102601-49-0.

Example 3: Anti-P2X4 Specific Antibodies were Isolated Using Phage Display Selection

Naïve human single chain Fv (scFv) phage display libraries were cloned into a phagemid vector based on the filamentous phage M13 were used for selections (Lloyd (2009) Protein Eng Des Sel 22, 159-168; Vaughan et al., Nature biotechnology 14, 309-314, 1996). Anti-P2X4 specific antibodies were isolated from the phage display libraries using a series of selection cycles on recombinant human P2X4 (hu P2X4), essentially as previously described by Vaughan et al (Vaughan et al., supra). In brief, human P2X4 in PBS (Dulbecco's PBS, pH7.4) was immobilised onto wells of a MaxiSorpL microtitre plate (Nunc) overnight at 4° C. Wells were washed with PBS then blocked for 1 hour with PBS-Marvel dried skimmed milk (3% w/v). Purified phage in PBS-Marvel (3% w/v) were added to the wells and allowed to bind coated antigen for 1 hour at room temperature. Unbound phage was removed by a series of wash cycles using PBS. Bound phage particles were eluted with trypsin for 30 minutes at 37° C., infected into E. coli TG1 bacteria and rescued for the next round of selection. Alternatively, anti-P2X4 antibodies were isolated as described above except deselection of the purified phage library against the C-terminal peptide huP2X4370-388 (Alomone Labs # APR-002) or phenyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) beads was performed prior to selection with the antigen.

Example 4: Generation of Rat Anti-Murine P2X4 Antibodies Using Hybridoma Technology

Immunisations

Purified recombinant murine P2X4 protein and murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells were used to immunise Sprague Dawley rats in three groups. For group 1, rats were immunised with murine P2X4 protein; for group 2, rats were immunised with murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells; and for group 3, rats were immunised by alternating murine P2X4 protein and murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells.

A twenty eight day immunization protocol was used with a priming immunization on day 0, followed by four subsequent booster immunizations on days 7, 15, 22 and 24. For group 1, equal volumes of complete Freund's adjuvant and murine P2X4 protein (total protein: 100 μg) were emulsified together, and delivered to the rats subcutaneously at two sites (200 μL per site). For the subsequent three booster injections, the same amount of protein was used, emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. For group 2, murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells were resuspended at 5E7 cells per mL in PBS and emulsified with equal volumes of complete Freund's adjuvant. As above, the cells were injected into rats at two sites (200 μL per site). For the subsequent three booster injections, the same number of cells was used, emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. For group 3, the priming immunization was with murine P2X4 protein as per group 1 above, followed by three booster immunizations with murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells, murine P2X4 protein, and murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells.

The final boosts were given intraperitoneally on day 24, group 1 and group 3 rats received murine P2X4 protein (400 μL at 50 μg/mL in Tris buffer), and group 2 rats received murine transfected HEK 293F cells (400 μL at 5E7/mL).

Tail vein bleeds were obtained from the rats before immunisation, on day 13 after the first immunization, and on day 20 after second immunisation. The IgG titres to anti-murine P2X4 were determined by a cell-based DELFIA (dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay) assay.

Assessment of rat immune response to murine P2X4 using a cell-based DELFIA

The IgG titres to murine P2X4 in sera were determined by a cell based DELFIA using both mP2X4 transfected HEK 293F and parental HEK cells. In order to reduce anti-HEK 293F cell specific antibodies in sera, before being assayed the serum samples from rats immunised with either cells alone or the alternating protein and cells strategy were incubated with non-transfected HEK 293F cells. The sera from rats immunised with protein were assayed without this pre-adsorption step.

Murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F and parental HEK cells were plated in culture media onto black collagen coated 96 well microtitre plates at a density of 30,000 cells per well. After overnight incubation at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator, the culture supernatant was removed and the cells were fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde solution at 50 μL per well. All subsequent incubations were carried out at room temperature. After 5 minutes fixation, the formaldehyde solution was discarded and replaced with 200 μL of 3% marvel/PBS blocking buffer. After one hour, the blocking buffer was removed and the serum samples added in a 3-fold dilution series (50 μL per well starting from a 1:200 dilution). After incubating for one hour, the wells were washed gently three times with PBS supplemented with 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20. A biotinylated polyclonal goat anti-rat IgG Fc gamma specific secondary antibody (diluted 1:500 in marvel/PBS) was added then at 50 μL per well. Following a further one hour incubation and three gentle washes as above, Eu-N1-labeled streptavidin (Perkin Elmer) was added to the wells (diluted to 100 ng/mL in marvel/PBS, 50 μL per well). After 30 minutes incubation time, the wells were gently washed five times and DELFIA enhancement solution was added. The reaction was allowed to develop for 10 minutes, and then the plate was then read using a PerkinElmer EnVision 2103 multilabel plate reader. The TRF (time-resolved fluorescence) signal in each well was measured (excitation 340 nm, emission 615 nm).

The serum titration curves for murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells and parental HEK 293F cells were plotted and the respective area under the curves (AUC) calculated. For rats immunized with murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells, specific mP2X4 IgG titres were derived by subtracting the AUC values from parental HEK cells from the AUC values for the murine P2X4 transfected cells.

Monoclonal Rat IgG Isolation

Four days after the final boost, lymph nodes were aseptically harvested and cells were isolated by mechanical disruption and counted. These cells were mixed with SP2/0 myeloma cells and fused using an electrofusion apparatus. The resultant fusions were mixed with a methylcellulose-based semi-solid media and plated out into OmniTray plates. The semi-solid media comprised CloneMatrix and DMEM supplemented with 20% FCS, 10% BM Condimed H1, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and OPI media supplement, 2% hypoxanthine azaserine and FITC conjugated goat anti-rat IgG. The cells in semi-solid media were cultured for 13 days at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. During this incubation period, clonal colonies are formed from a single progenitor hybridoma cell. These colonies secrete IgG that is trapped in the vicinity of the colony by the FITC conjugated anti-IgG present in the semi-solid media. The resultant immune complex formation can be observed around the cell as a fluorescent ‘halo’ when visualised by ClonePix FL colony picker (Molecular Devices). These haloed colonies are then picked into 96 well microtitre plates.

After 3-5 days in culture, the supernatants of the picked colonies were harvested and screened for murine P2X4 specificity by comparing binding to murine P2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells and parental HEK 293F cells by a cell-based fluorornetric microvolumne assay technology (FMAT) assay.

DNA Sequencing of Rat IgG

Messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from cells using magnetic oligo (dT) particles and converted into cDNA. PCR amplification was performed using poly-C and constant region V_(H)/V_(L) primers.

Rat IgG Purifications

Prior to purification, the hybridomas were tested by ELISA using a goat anti-rat IgG2a coated microtitre plate to determine which clones secreted Rat IgG2a, as this isotype is purified using a different purification matrix to rat IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c isotypes.

Cells were propagated in 24 well plates and overgrown in serum free HL-1 medium supplemented with HyperZero and glutamine. After 10 days, the supernatants were transferred to 96 well masterblocks and rat IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c isotypes were purified on 20 L Phytips containing ProPlus resin (Phynexus). Rat IgG2a antibodies were purified on custom packed Phytips containing CaptureSelect IgG-Fc multiple species resin (Lift Technologies) using Perkin Elmer Minitrack. The captured rat IgGs were eluted with 75 μL of 100 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl pH 3.0 then neutralised with an equal volume of 200 mM HEPES pH 8.0. The purified IgGs were quantified using an absorbance reading at 280 nm in UV-Star 384 well plate.

Reformatting of Rat IgGs to Human IgG1

Rat hybridoma IgG clones were molecularly reformatted to generate chimeric constructs expressing rat V_(H) and V_(L) domains and human IgG1 constant domains essentially as described by Persic et al., 1997 (Gene 187, 9-18) with the following modifications. An OriP fragment was included in the expression vectors to facilitate use with CHO-transient cells and to allow episomal replication. The VH domain was cloned into a vector (pEU1.4) containing the human heavy chain constant domains and regulatory elements to express whole IgG1 heavy chain in mammalian cells. This constant region contained the triple mutations (TM) L234F/L235E/P331S resulting in an effector null human IgG1 (Oganesyan et al., (2008) Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 64, 700-704). Similarly, the VL domain was cloned into a vector (pEU4.4) for the expression of the human light chain (lambda) constant domains and regulatory elements to express whole IgG light chain in mammalian cells. To obtain IgGs, the heavy and light chain IgG expressing vectors were transfected into CHO-transient mammalian cells. IgGs were expressed and secreted into the medium. Harvests were filtered prior to purification, then IgG was purified using Protein A chromatography. Culture supernatants were loaded on a column of appropriate size of Ceramic Protein A (Pall 20078-036) and washed with 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 250 mM NaCl. Bound IgG was eluted from the column using 0.1 M Sodium Citrate (pH 3.0) and neutralised by the addition of Tris-HCl (pH 9.0). The eluted material was buffer exchanged into PBS using Nap 10 columns (GE Lifesciences 17-0854-02) and the concentration of IgG was determined spectrophotometrically using an extinction coefficient based on the amino acid sequence of the IgG (Pace et al., (1995) Protein Sci. 4, 2411-23). The purified IgG were analysed for purity using SDS-PAGE.

Example 5: Identification of Human P2X4 Binding Antibodies from Phage Display Selections

ScFv antibodies identified from the phage display method described in Example 3 were expressed in bacteria and screened as unpurified bacterial periplasmic extracts (which contain scFv), prepared in: 0.2M HEPES buffer pH7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA and 0.5 M sucrose. Alternatively, the heavy and light chain variable regions were amplified by PCR and cloned into a vector for expression as human IgG1 antibodies in HEK293F cells.

For screening of bacterial scFv samples, 5 μl of bacterial extract was added to a 384 well assay plate (Corning 3655). Assay buffer was prepared as follows: 1× Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (Sigma H8264), 0.1% (v/v) BSA (PAA K05-013), 20 mM HEPES (Gibco 15630) and 1 U/ml Apyrase (Sigma A6535) and 5 μl added to the assay plate with the bacterial scFv extract. Anti-myc detection reagent (Serotec MCA2200) and anti-mouse DyLight649 (Jackson Immuno Research Labs 115-495-071) were diluted in assay buffer to 15.6 nM and 24 nM respectively in the same solution and 5 μl added to the assay plate with the scFv sample. HEK293F cells expressing human P2X4 (huP2X4) (Q99571, ENSP00000336607) were diluted to 2.6e⁵ cells/ml in assay buffer and 15l added to the assay plate. In parallel scFv samples were also tested for binding to HEK293F cells that did not express huP2X4.

For screening of the HEK293F expressed IgG samples, 2.5 μl of cell culture supernatant was added to the 384 well assay plate (Corning 3655). Assay buffer was prepared as described above and 7.5 μl was added to the assay plate with the IgG sample. Anti-human AlexaFluor 647 (Life Technologies A21445) was diluted in assay buffer to 6 nM and 10 μl added to the assay plate with the IgG sample. HEK293F cells expressing huP2X4 (Q99571, ENSP00000336607) were diluted to 4e⁵ cells/ml in assay buffer and 10l added to the assay plate. In parallel IgG samples were also tested for binding to HEK293F cells that did not express huP2X4. Assay plates set up to screen both types of samples were sealed with a Topseal plate sealer (Perkin Elmer 6005250) and incubated at room temperature for at least 4 hours before reading on the Fluorescence Microvolume Assay Technology (FMAT), a fluorescence based platform that detects fluorescence localized to bead or cells settled at the bottom of a microwell (Dietz et al., Cytometry 23:177-186 (1996), Miraglia et al., J. Biomol. Screening 4:193-204 (1999)). Data was analysed using the FMAT analysis software and events were gated based on fluorescence 0-10,000 FL1 counts, colour typically 0.15 to 0.40 and size 10-60. A minimum count of 20 events was set as a threshold before data was reported for each well. ScFv showing binding to the HEK293F huP2X4 cells, but not to the control HEK293F cells were selected for further testing if the FL1 count was above 1000 on the huP2X4 cells, IgG samples showing a specific huP2X4 binding signal of greater than 200 FL1 counts were identified as hits and characterised further.

ScFv or IgG samples which showed a specific binding signal to HEK293F huP2X4 cells as unpurified samples were subjected to DNA sequencing (Vaughan et al. supra, Nature Biotechnology 14: 309-314), (Osbourn 1996; Immunotechnology. 2, 181-196). Unique scFvs were expressed in bacteria and purified by affinity chromatography (as described by Bannister et al (2006) Biotechnology and bioengineering, 94. 931-937). Those scFv that confirmed binding to human P2X4 were generated as full IgGs and expressed and purified as described in Example 4. Purified IgG antibodies were tested for functional activity in the electrophysiology assay and for binding to cells expressing mouse and cynomologus P2X4 using the same method described for the human P2X4 cells described above except a titration of purified IgG sample was used. Results of electrophysiology assays are provided at FIGS. 3 and 4.

Example 6: Identification of Hybridoma IgGs that Bind Specifically to Murine P2X4

Supernatants generated from the immunisations were screened to identify IgGs with specific binding to mP2X4. Briefly supernatants were diluted 10 fold into assay buffer (HBSS, 0.1% (v/v) BSA, 20 mM HEPES and 1 U/ml Apyrase) and 5 μl added to the assay plate. Anti-rat detection antibody labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 (Jackson Immuno Research labs) was diluted to 6 nM and 10 μl added to the assay plate. HEK293F cells expressing mP2X4 were diluted to 2.6e⁵/ml and 15 μl added to the assay plate. IgG samples were also tested for non-specific binding in parallel by testing the samples for binding to HEK293F cells. IgGs demonstrating specific binding to mP2X4 and no binding to HEK293F cells were identified as hits and selected for antibody purification and analysis by electrophysiology. Results of the electrophysiology screen are provided in FIG. 7 together with the binding results for these samples against human and cyno P2X4 expressing cell lines using the same assay described previously

Example 7: Generation of Human P2X4 Variants and Expression by Transient Transfection in HEK293F Cells

To determine the epitope to which the P2X4 functional antibodies bind the following mutations were generated in human P2X4; E95Q, V105M, G114D, A122V, S131N, A151P, G154R, L303P, N306K. DNA vectors containing huP2X4 sequences with these changes were generated using standard molecular biology techniques. DNA vectors were transfected into HEK293F cells using 293-fectin (Life Technologies 12347019) following the manufacturers guidelines. Cells expressing the huP2X4 variants were incubated with Antibody Nos. 1, 11, 29, and 33 together with the anti-human AlexaFluor 647 (Life Technologies A21445) detection reagent. Binding was measured using the FMAT plate reader. Variant S131N was shown to be important for the binding of Antibody Nos. 11, 29, and 33. FIGS. 1A-1D show the results of FMAT assays characterizing binding of P2X4 antibodies to HEK293F cells expressing variants of human P2X4.

Example 8: Electrophysiological Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to P2X4

Methods for Phage Display Derived mAbs:—FIGS. 3 & 4

HEK 293F cells stably expressing human P2X4, mouse P2X4 or cynomolgus P2X4 were harvested at 50% confluency using accutase. Cells were then resuspended in 10 ml Freestyle 293F media supplemented with HEPES (10 mM)+apyrase (1 U/ml, ATPase/ADPase activity=1) at a density of 2-3e⁶ cells/ml. P2X4 function was assayed using the automated electrophysiology platform QPatch 16X (Sophion) in population patch configuration. Composition of QPatch extracellular buffer (QEB) was (in mM) NaCl (140), KCl (2), MgCl₂ (1) CaCl₂) (2), HEPES (10). Final composition of compound plate extracellular buffer (CPEB1) was NaCl (137.6), KCl (2.2), MgCl₂ (0.66), CaCl₂ (1.3), HEPES (6.6), KH₂PO₄ (0.49), NaH₂PO₄ (2.66). pH of extracellular buffers was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH (1 M), osmolarity was adjusted to 300 mOsm with sucrose and the solutions were 0.2 m filtered. Compound plate extracellular buffer was supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin. The QPatch intracellular buffer contained (in mM) CsF (140), NaCl (10), EGTA (1), HEPES (10). pH of the intracellular buffer was adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH (1 M) and the solution was 0.2 μm filtered. IgGs were titrated to pH 7.4 with NaOH (1 M).

After obtaining whole cell configuration, cells were voltage clamped at −50 mV with 70% series resistance compensation employed. The ligand agonist adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP, 3 μM) in CPEB1 was applied for 3 seconds every 5 minutes for 20 minutes resulting in 4 control agonist responses. Each agonist response was washed off with CPEB1+apyrase (1 U/ml). 4 additional agonist responses were then measured every 5 minutes in the continued presence of the test IgG or an isotype control IgG (NIP 228). Exemplar traces showing the effect of inhibitory IgGs 5 mins after IgG application can be seen in FIG. 8A whereas an example of a potentiating IgG can be seen in FIG. 8D. Electrophysiology data presented in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 were leak subtracted by subtracting the current in the absence of ligand and the magnitude of the P2X4 response measured as the peak inward current in the presence of ligand. Peak inward current in the presence of IgG+ATP after 5 minutes IgG incubation was expressed as a fraction of the 4^(th) control ATP response. Data were subsequently normalised to a time and concentration matched isotype control antibody response using the equation I_(norm)=I_(IgG)*(1/I_(isotype)) where I_(IgG)=fraction of control current for the test IgG and I_(isotype)=fraction of control current for the isotype control IgG. Six IgGs were found to significantly inhibit human P2X4 currents; Antibody Nos. 5, 8, 11, 18, 29, and 33 (FIGS. 3, 4, 8A). Inhibition of P2X4 currents was rapid, occurring at the first time point following IgG addition, whereas the isotype control IgG NIP 228 had no significant effect. IgGs were subsequently tested for function against mouse and cynomolgus P2X4 (FIGS. 3, 4) and data reported as a mean of n=3-4 experiments.

Sequences for phage display antibodies are provided in FIG. 2. Results of cross reactivity for phage display antibodies between human, cynomolgus monkey, and mouse are provided in FIG. 3. FIG. 9 provides a structural analysis of the epitope/paratope interface. FIG. 10 provides the sequence of the predicted P2X4 epitope.

Methods for Hybridoma Derived mAbs.—FIGS. 5, 7 & 8

HEK 293F cells stably expressing either mouse P2X4 (Uniprot # Q9JJX6) or human P2X4 (Uniprot # Q99571) were harvested at 50% confluency using accutase. Cells were then resuspended in 10 ml Freestyle 293F media supplemented with HEPES (10 mM)+apyrase (1 U/ml, ATPase/ADPase activity=1) at a density of 2-3e⁶ cells/ml. P2X4 function was assayed using the automated electrophysiology platform QPatch 16X (Sophion) in population patch configuration. Composition of QPatch extracellular buffer (QEB) was (in mM) NaCl (140), KCl (2), MgCl₂ (1) CaCl₂ (2), HEPES (10). Final composition of compound plate extracellular buffer (CPEB2) was NaCl (115.5), KCl (1.3), MgCl₂ (0.66), CaCl₂ (1.32), HEPES (56.1). pH of extracellular buffers was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH (1 M) and the solutions were 0.2 μm filtered. The QPatch intracellular buffer contained (in mM) CsF (140), NaCl (10), EGTA (1), HEPES (10). pH of the intracellular buffer was adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH (1 M) and the solution was 0.2 μm filtered. IgGs were titrated to pH 7.4 with NaOH (1 M). After obtaining whole cell configuration, cells were voltage clamped at −50 mV with 70% series resistance compensation employed. The ligand agonist adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) (6 μM for mouse P2X4, 3 μM for human P2X4) in QEB was applied for 3 seconds then washed off with QEB+apyrase (1 U/ml). CPEB2+IgG was then incubated for 3 minutes followed by a second ATP addition. Data were leak subtracted by subtracting the current in the absence of ligand and the magnitude of the P2X4 response measured as the peak inward current in the presence of ligand. The ATP response after IgG addition was expressed as a fraction of the ATP response prior to IgG addition. The hIgG1 NIP 228 TM was used as a control antibody to determine the cutoff for defining functional antibodies. IgGs were initially screened in duplicate (FIG. 5, First screen and FIG. 7) at mP2X4 and expressed as mean of n=1-2 experiments. The control antibody NIP 228 TM had a fraction of control current of 1.08+/−0.27 (Mean+/−S.D), n=49. From these data the cutoff for defining functional inhibitory antibodies was set at <0.5 (>˜2 standard deviations from the mean). Functional antibodies from the first screen were repeated with a larger sample set (n=3-4) and data reported as mean+/−SD (FIG. 5).

Results of cross reactivity for hybridoma antibodies between human and mouse are provided at FIGS. 5 and 7. Sequences for hybridoma antibodies are provided at FIGS. 6 and 13.

Example 9: In Vivo Testing of Monoclonal Antibodies to P2X4 in Seltzer Model of Neuropathic Pain

50 female C57BL/6 mice were used for the studies. All mice underwent insertion of transponders for identification purposes at least 5 days before the start of the study. Mechanical hyperalgesia was determined using an analgysemeter (Randall & Selitto 1957) (Ugo Basile). An increasing force was applied to the dorsal surface of each hind paw in turn until a withdrawal response was observed. The application of force was halted at this point and the weight in grams recorded. Data was expressed as withdrawal threshold in grams for ipsilateral and contralateral paws. Following the establishment of baseline readings mice were divided into 2 groups with approximately equal ipsilateral/contralateral ratios which underwent surgery to partially ligate the sciatic nerve or served as sham operated controls. Operated mice were anaesthetised with isoflurane. Following this approximately 1 cm of the left sciatic nerve was exposed by blunt dissection through an incision at the level of the mid thigh. A suture (9/0 Virgin Silk: Ethicon) was then passed through the dorsal third of the nerve and tied tightly. The incision was then closed using glue and the mice were allowed to recover for at least six days prior to commencement of testing. Sham operated mice underwent the same protocol but following exposure of the nerve the mice were sutured and allowed to recover. Mice were tested for onset of hyperalgesia on days 7 and 10 post surgery. Any mice showing an ipsilateral/contralateral ratio of greater than 80% were classed as non-responders and removed from the study. Following testing on day 10 mice were further sub-divided into groups giving the final treatment groups;

A. Group 1: Sham operated+NIP 228 TM 5 μg per mouse intra-thecal (N=10)

B. Group 2: Nerve ligated+NIP 228 TM 5 μg per mouse intra-thecal (N=10)

C. Group 3: Nerve ligated+Antibody No. 208 5 μg per mouse intra-thecal (N=10)

D. Group 4: Nerve ligated+Antibody No. 38 5 μg per mouse intra-thecal (N=10)

Mice were administered NIP 228 TM (Isotype control) or test molecules on day 13 and were re-tested for changes in mechanical hyperalgesia at 4 hrs post dose and also on 1, 2, 4 and 7 days post dose. For dosing mice were anaesthetised with isoflurane. Intra-thecal administration was carried out manually into the L4-L6 area of the spinal cordNIP 228 TM and all test compounds were supplied as 1.02 mg/ml=solutions=1 μg per μl=5 μg per mouse. Ipsilateral and contralateral readings were taken for each animal at each test time and were entered into EXCEL for calculation of ipsilateral/contralateral ratios. Summary data was transferred into PRISM for graphical and statistical analysis. Results were analysed using 2-way ANOVA. Pairwise comparisons where appropriate were made using Tukey's test. Analysis of the results showed that partial ligation of the sciatic nerve caused a mechanical hyperalgesia which manifested as a significant reduction in the ipsilateral/contralateral ratio on day 7 and 10 when compared to sham operated controls. Following treatment with NIP228, operated mice did not show any change in the level of mechanical hyperalgesia from pre-dose levels indicating a lack of effect of the isotype control on mechanical hyperalgesia. The administration of Antibody No. 208 produced a significant reversal which was significant for up to 4 days post dose after which the response returned to baseline levels. Similar effects were seen with Antibody No. 38 (FIG. 13).

Example 10: Generation of Mouse Anti-Human P2X4 Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

Methods for Mouse Anti-Human P2X4 Antibody Generation were Carried Out in the Same Way as Described in the Previous Section of Rat Anti-Murine P2X4 Antibody Generation, Other than the Following Differences:

Immunisations

Human P2X4 (hP2X4) transfected HEK 293F and XS63 cells were used to immunise CD1 mice in three groups. In group 1, mice were immunised with hP2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells, group 2 mice were immunised with hP2X4 transfected XS63 cells, and group 3 mice were immunised by alternating hP2X4 transfected XS63 cells and hP2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells. hP2X4 transfected cells were re-suspended at 1E8/mL and emulsified with equal volumes of complete Freund's adjuvant, and injected into mice at two sites, 100 μL per site. For the subsequent 3 injections, the same number of cells was emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and injections were performed as above. The last boost was carried out on day 24, injecting 200 μL of transfected cells at 1E8/mL intraperitoneally. Assessment of Mouse Immune Response to hP2X4 Using a Cell-Based DELFIA The serum IgG titres to hP2X4 were determined by a cell-based time-resolved fluorescence assays (DELFIA) using parental HEK 293F cells and hP2X4 transfected HEK 293F cells.

Monoclonal Mouse IgG Isolation

Lymphoid cells isolated from spleens and lymph nodes were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells using an electrofusion method. The fusions were plated out into semi-solid selection media containing FITC conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG.

Cell Binding Assay for Mouse IgGs

Supernatants were initially screened for IgGs that specifically bound to hP2X4 using both the hP2X4 expressing HEK 293F and XS63 cells, and parental HEK 293F cells. The IgGs that showed specific binding to hP2X4, and no binding to parental HEK293F cells, were selected for further specificity testing on mouse P2X4 (mP2X4) HEK 293F cells. IgGs which specifically bound to hP2X4 or to both hP2X4 and mP2X4 were selected for antibody purification and functional analysis by electrophysiology.

DNA Sequencing and Purification of Mouse IgGs

Messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from hybridoma cells using magnetic oligo (dT) particles and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed using poly-C and constant region VH or VL primers specific to all mouse IgG subclasses. Mouse IgGs of all subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3) were purified from overgrown cell culture supernatants on ProPlus resin (Phynexus).

Functional Screening by Electrophysiology

HEK 293F cells stably expressing human P2X4 (Uniprot # Q99571) were harvested at 50% confluency using accutase. Cells were then resuspended in 10 ml Freestyle 293F media supplemented with HEPES (10 mM)+apyrase (1 U/ml, ATPase/ADPase activity=1) at a density of 2-3e⁶ cells/ml. P2X4 function was assayed using the automated electrophysiology platform QPatch 16X (Sophion) in population patch configuration. Composition of QPatch extracellular buffer (QEB) was (in mM) NaCl (140), KCl (2), MgCl₂ (1) CaCl₂ (2), HEPES (10). Final composition of compound plate extracellular buffer (CPEB2) was NaCl (115.5), KCl (1.3), MgCl₂ (0.66), CaCl₂ (1.32), HEPES (56.1). pH of extracellular buffers was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH (1 M) and the solutions were 0.2 μm filtered. The QPatch intracellular buffer contained (in mM) CsF (140), NaCl (10), EGTA (1), HEPES (10). pH of the intracellular buffer was adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH (1 M) and the solution was 0.2 m filtered. IgGs were titrated to pH 7.4 with NaOH (1 M). After obtaining whole cell configuration, cells were voltage clamped at −50 mV with 70% series resistance compensation employed. The ligand agonist adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP, 3 μM) in QEB was applied for 3 seconds then washed off with QEB+apyrase (1 U/ml). CPEB2+IgG was then incubated for 3 minutes followed by a second ATP addition. Data were leak subtracted by subtracting the current in the absence of ligand and the magnitude of the P2X4 response measured as the peak inward current in the presence of ligand. The ATP response after IgG addition was expressed as a fraction of the ATP response prior to IgG addition. The hIgG1 NIP 228 TM was used as a control antibody to determine the cutoff for defining functional antibodies. Antibody sequences are provided in FIG. 13.

Example 11: Affinity Maturation of Antibody 11

Antibody No. 11 was optimised for affinity via two approaches either; targeted or random mutagenesis followed by affinity-based phage display selections. In the targeted approach, large scFv-phage libraries derived from the lead clone were created by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the variable heavy (VH) complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3) and light (VL) chain CDR3 using standard molecular biology techniques as described (Clackson, T and Lowman, H. B. Phage Display A Practical Approach, 2004. Oxford University Press). The libraries were subjected to affinity-based phage display selections in order to select variants with higher affinity for human P2X4. The selections were performed essentially as described previously in Example 3 with the exception of lowering the concentration of immobilised human P2X4 over four rounds of selection (10 μg/ml-1.25 μg/ml). Antibodies with improved affinity were identified in a competition assay based on Antibody 11 binding to huP2X4 expressing cells (described in Example 12). To generate further affinity improvement, CDR mutations from improved antibodies were recombined into new scFvs using standard molecular biology techniques.

Antibody 11 was also optimised using a random mutagenesis approach to identify key residues within the entire variable domain that may improve binding to human P2X4. Such a technique is described by Gram et al. [Gram et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 89:3576-3580], who used error-prone PCR. In some embodiments one or two amino acid substitutions are made within an entire variable domain or set of CDRs. The generated library was subjected to affinity-based selections as described for the targeted selections outlined above. Exemplary antibodies from this selection method are disclosed herein as Antibodies 287 to 315, and an alignment of their sequences is shown in FIG. 12.

Example 12: Identification of Higher Affinity Antibodies Against Human P2X4

Phage display selection outputs described in example 11, were screened for activity in a competition assay based on Antibody 11 binding to huP2X4 expressing cells. Briefly Antibody 11 IgG was labelled with DyLight® 650 using a Lightning-Link® Rapid DyLight® 650 conjugation kit following the manufacturer's instructions (Innova Biosciences Ltd). Bacterially expressed scFv were collected into 0.2M HEPES buffer pH7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA and 0.5 M sucrose as peri plasmic extracts and added to the assay plate (Corning® 3655) together with assay buffer (HBSS, 0.1% BSA, 1 U/ml apyrase, either with or without 20 mM HEPES). Antibody 11-Dylight® 650 was added to each well except the wells used to define the background binding, to a final concentration of 2 nM. HEK293F huP2X4 cells were added to each well at a final density of approximately 2000 cells per well. Plates were covered and incubated at room temperature for 2 to 3 hours before reading on a Mirrorball® plate reader (TTP Labtech, Ltd) and determining the total FL3 fluorescence per well (Median (mean intensity) fluorescence multiplied by the number of objects). Individual events were gated on size and fluorescence and a minimum object number of greater than 25 was used to determine wells with sufficient events to report a FL3 total value. % specific binding was calculated for each well using the following equation, maximal FL3 total values were defined from wells that did not receive any scFv but did receive peri plasmic sample buffer:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} = {\frac{{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {FL}\; 3\mspace{14mu} {total}} - {{background}\mspace{14mu} {FL}\; 3\mspace{14mu} {total}}}{{{maximal}\mspace{14mu} {FL}\; 3\mspace{14mu} {total}} - {{background}\mspace{14mu} {FL}\; 3\mspace{14mu} {total}}} \times 100}$

Samples where the binding signal was lower than 85% specific binding were selected for sequencing and sequence unique hits were generated as purified scFv. To confirm the inhibition of these scFv antibodies, purified scFv antibodies were diluted in assay buffer described above to generate a dilution series and the diluted samples were added to the assay plate before the addition of Antibody 11-DyLight® 650 to a final concentration of 2 nM, followed by approximately 2000 HEK293F huP2X4 cells per well. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 2 to 3 hours before being read on the Mirrorball® plate reader. Data was analysed as described above and scFv clones showing inhibition were generated as full IgG antibodies.

Example 13: Identification of Antibodies with Improved Potency Against Human P2X4 Using the Human P2X4 1321N1 Cell Line FLIPR® Assay

Antibodies identified in the Antibody 11 competition assay described in example 12 were generated as purified IgG and titrated to generate a dilution series. These antibodies were diluted in assay buffer containing HBSS and 0.1% BSA and pre-incubated with 1321N1 cells expressing huP2X4 for 30 mins where the cells had previously been loaded with Fluo-4 NW calcium dye (Molecular Probes™, Life Technologies) following the manufacturer's instructions. P2X4 was activated by the addition of 1 μM ATP diluted in assay buffer and the resulting rise in intracellular calcium was detected by the calcium dye and measured by an increase in fluorescence using the FLIPR® Tetra plate reader (Molecular Devices, LLC). Data was calculated to determine the maximum fluorescence observed over the background fluorescence for the duration of the assay. These data were then analysed to determine % maximal response over the buffer response alone seen in wells where ATP was omitted, using the following equation:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {maximal}\mspace{14mu} {response}} = {\frac{{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {response}} - {{buffer}\mspace{14mu} {response}}}{{{total}\mspace{14mu} {response}} - {{buffer}\mspace{14mu} {response}}} \times 100}$

Data was analysed in Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc) to determine IC₅₀ values using the following equation:

Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10{circumflex over ( )}((LogIC50−X)*HillSlope))

To enable ranking of antibodies the top and bottom of the curves were constrained to 100 and 0 respectively. Geometric means of the IC₅₀ values for the antibodies tested are listed in FIG. 15 and an example of the IC₅₀ curves for two antibodies are shown in FIG. 19 together with an isotype control antibody

Example 14: Identification of Antibodies with Improved Potency Against Human P2X4 Using the HEK 293F huP2×4 Cell Line on the Automated Electrophysiology Platform Qpatch 16X

HEK 293F cells stably expressing human P2X4, were harvested at 50% confluency using accutase. Cells were then resuspended in 10 ml Freestyle 293F media supplemented with HEPES (10 mM)+apyrase (1 U/ml, ATPase/ADPase activity=1) at a density of 2-3e⁶ cells/ml. P2X4 function was assayed using the automated electrophysiology platform QPatch 16X (Sophion) in population patch configuration. Composition of QPatch extracellular buffer (QEB) was (in mM) NaCl (140), KCl (2), MgCl₂ (1) CaCl₂ (2), HEPES (10). pH of extracellular buffers was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH (1 M), osmolarity was adjusted to 300 mOsm with sucrose and the solutions were 0.2 μm filtered. The QPatch intracellular buffer (QIB) contained (in mM) CsF (140), NaCl (10), EGTA (1), HEPES (10). pH of the intracellular buffer was adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH (1 M) and the solution was 0.2 m filtered. IgGs were titrated to pH 7.4 with NaOH (1 M).

For determination of the potency of optimized variants of Antibody 11, IgGs were serially diluted in QEB+0.1% bovine serum albumin and tested for function on Qpatch 16X in population patch configuration. Extracellular buffer was QEB, intracellular buffer was QIB and ATP wash buffer was QEB+apyrase (1 U/ml). In this assay, ATP (3 μM) was applied every 10 mins for 3 s with a total of 5 applications per experiment. The first two ATP additions (ATP 1 & ATP 2) were preceded by preincubation for 5 mins with QEB buffer+0.1% BSA whereas the following three ATP additions were preceded by 5 mins incubation with ascending doses of IgG. Log and half log doses of IgG were interleaved in post analysis to generate 6 point dose response curves (dose range 100-0.3 nM). Data were leak subtracted by subtracting the current in the absence of ligand and the magnitude of the P2X4 response measured as the peak inward current in the presence of ligand. The peak inward current in response to ATP was expressed as fraction of control current (ATP2) and labeled as I/I_(basal). Data were fit in Prism using a log (inhibitor) vs. response−Variable slope (four parameters) equation. Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10{circumflex over ( )}((LogIC50−X)*HillSlope)). The top of the IgG dose response curves was defined by the response to 0.3 nM NIP 228 and constrained to this value. The bottom of the curve was constrained such that it was greater than zero. See FIG. 14-15.

Example 15 Potency Determination of Hybridoma Derived Antibodies at Mouse and Human P2X4

HEK 293F cells expressing P2X4 were handled as in example 8. Potency of hybridoma derived IgGs was assayed on Qpatch 16X in population patch configuration. For determination of IgG potency, IgGs were serially diluted in PBS+0.1% bovine serum albumin and tested for function on Qpatch 16X in population patch configuration. IgGs were then diluted 1:3 in QEB+0.1% BSA resulting in a final buffer composition of NaCl (137.6), KCl (2.2), MgCl₂ (0.66), CaCl₂ (1.3), HEPES (6.6), KH₂PO₄ (0.49), NaH₂PO₄ (2.66), BSA (0.1%) equivalent to CPEB1. Extracellular buffer was QEB, intracellular buffer was QIB and ATP wash buffer was QEB+apyrase (1 U/ml). In this assay, ATP (3 μM) was applied every 10 mins for 3 s with a total of 5 applications per experiment. The first two ATP additions (ATP 1 & ATP 2) were preceded by preincubation for 5 mins with CPEB1+0.1% BSA whereas the following three ATP additions were preceded by 5 mins incubation with ascending doses of IgG. Log and half log doses were interleaved in post analysis to generate 6 point dose response curves. Data were leak subtracted by subtracting the current in the absence of ligand and the magnitude of the P2X4 response measured as the peak inward current in the presence of ligand. The peak inward current in response to ATP was expressed as fraction of control current (ATP2). Data were fit in Prism using a log (inhibitor) vs. response−Variable slope (four parameters) equation. Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10{circumflex over ( )}((LogIC50−X)*HillSlope)). The top of the IgG dose response curves was constrained to 1 whereas the bottom of the curve was constrained such that it was greater than zero. See FIG. 16.

Example 16 Efficacy of Mouse Reactive Antibodies at Native Mouse Microglial P2X4 Culture of Mouse Microglia:

Primary mouse microglia were cultured from C57 neonatal pups, P2. Brains were removed from the skulls of mice and kept in media (DMEM+10% FCS+pen/strep). They were then rolled across filter paper to remove the sticky vasculature and meninges before placing in 20 ml fresh media and triturating to give a single cell suspension. Cells were then filter sterilised through a 40 μm cell strainer then centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 5 min. Cells were then resuspended in 40 ml media per flask at 4 brains per T175 flask and cultured for 1 week. After this, the media was supplemented with GM-CSF (5 ng/ml) and the cells cultured for a further week. Microglia were removed by shaking overnight in an orbital shaker incubator (no CO₂) with HEPES supplemented in the media (20 mM). Purified microglia were centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 5 mins and resuspended in 20 ml DMEM+10% FCS+pen/strep growth media. Cells were counted and seeded in ultra low bind T75 cell culture flasks (Corning) at 7e6 cells/flask. Microglia were then maintained in culture for 1-7 days before being used for Qpatch 16X electrophysiology assays or FLIPR calcium imaging assays.

Cell Handling Qpatch:

1×T75 flask was washed twice with dPBS and cells were harvested using accutase treatment for 5-10 mins. Cells were then resuspended in 293F Freestyle media+20 mM HEPES+1 U/ml accutase (10 ml) and spun down at 800 rpm for 5 mins. Cells were then resuspended in 3 ml 293F Freestyle media+20 mM HEPES+1 U/ml accutase and 1 ml of cell suspension used per experiment. Qpatch 16X was used in population patch configuration and cells voltage clamped at −70 mV. Cells were perfused with either a control antibody or test antibody for 5 minutes before ATP (30 μM) was applied. Current in the absence of ATP was subtracted from all data. Inward current in response to ATP was measured (see FIG. 15). External buffer was QEB and internal buffer was QIB. See FIGS. 17 & 18.

FLIPR:

Microglia were plated in Cell Coat Poly-D-Lysine coated 384 well plates (black, uclear) with 30 μl per well and cultured in a humidified incubator at 37° C. for 48 hours. Media was removed and replaced with 20 ul per well of HBSS buffer+20 mM HEPES+0.1% BSA, supplemented with Screen Quest™ Fluo-8 No Wash Calcium Assay Kit (AAT Bioquest, Inc.) as per the manufacturers instructions. Cells were then incubated at 37° C. for 30 mins then returned to room temperature for 15 mins before assaying on FLIPR (Molecular devices). Ivermectin (12 μM) was made up in a further 384 well compound plate (Compound plate 1). IgGs were made up in PBS+0.1% BSA (compound plate 2). ATP (30 uM) was made up in HBSS+20 mM HEPES+0.1% BSA in a separate 384 well compound plate (Compound plate 3). Fluo-8 was excited at a wavelength of 470-495 nm and the emitted light measured at a wavelength of 515-575 nm. Camera gain was adjusted to give 1000 counts at rest with an exposure of 0.4 s. 10 ul of solution from compound plate 1 was added to the cells and the fluorescence measured. After 5 mins incubation, 10 ul of solution from compound plate 2 was added. 15 min later, ATP (5 uM final) was added and the peak end fluorescence measured between 200-300 sec post ATP addition. Fluorescence counts were normalised to the ATP response in the absence of antibody (minus background fluorescence) and plotted as % of ATP response (See FIG. 21). 10 point dose response curves for each IgG were constructed from duplicate wells and the data fit in Prism using a log (inhibitor) vs. response−Variable slope (four parameters) equation. Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10{circumflex over ( )}((LogIC50−X)*Hill Slope)). See FIG. 20.

Example 17: Functional Effect of P2X4 Antibodies on Human Monocyte Derived Macrophages Cell Culture

Human monocytes were isolated from the mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood by centrigugation on a Ficoll-Paque gradient. Cells were then purified by incubating in a T175 cell culture flask in cell culture media in the absence of serum for 1 hour. Non-adherent cells were removed and the remaining cells grown in RPMI Glutamax I media supplemented with 10% FCS (HI/GI)+1% P/S+100 ng/ml M-CSF for 7 days. Cells were fed on day 2-3 by adding an additional 10 ml of media. Macrophage were harvested by accutase treatment for 10 mins followed by cell scraping and replated in ultra-low bind T75 flasks at 6e6 cells per flask. Cells were then cultured for a further 1-10 days before being used for electrophysiological recording. On the day of experiment, cells were harvested with accutase and resuspended in 3 ml CHO ACF media+20 mM HEPES. 1 ml of cell suspension was used per experiment on Qpatch 16X in population patch configuration. Qpatch 16X assay parameters were as described for example 16. Nippon antagonist refers to 1H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]diazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (described in Patents WO-2010/093061 and EP2397480A1 See FIGS. 21 & 22.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations and modifications may be made to the invention described herein to adopt it to various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims.

The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single element or combination (or subcombination) of listed elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent patent and publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds a human P2X4 polypeptide and modulates channel activity.
 2. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a P2X4 potentiator.
 3. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a P2X4 antagonist.
 4. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds an epitope comprising human P2X4 amino acids 110-166.
 5. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the antibody binds an epitope comprising one or more human P2X4 amino acids selected from the group consisting of amino acids 118, 122-139, 145, 159, 180, 183, 184, 231, and
 244. 6. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises: a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1009) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅,

wherein X₁ is G, N, S, D, or R; X₂ is Y, A, H, F, or S; X₃ is A, W, Y, S, G, F, W, E, D, or P; X₄ is M, I, W, L, I, F, or V; X₅ is S, G, T, H, or N; and/or b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1010) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁X₁₂X₁₃X₁₄X₁₅X₁₆,

wherein X₁ is A, R, I, T, E, S, A, V, W, N, G, E, R, or Y; X₂ is I or M; X₃ is S, K, Y, D, N, W, or I; X₄ is S, D, G, H, N, R, Y, or V; X₅ is G, D, S, F, N, R, F, D, or T; X₆ is G, S, N, or T; X₇ is S, T, D, Y, N, A, E, M, F, or D; X₈ is T, I, K, or A; X₉ is Y, D, R, N, G, Q, E, H, or K; X₁₀ is Y, Q, S, or V; X₁₁ is A, S, N, or V; X₁₂ is D, A, P, R, or Q; X₁₃ is S, P, K, or N; X₁₄ is V, F, L, or A; X₁₅ is K, Q, or E; X₁₆ is G, S, A, or D; wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR2 optionally comprises an insertion of 1-3 amino acids, X_(a)X_(b)X_(c) between amino acids X₃ and X₄, wherein X_(a) is G, S, P, W, Y, E, A, R, or N; and X_(b)X_(c) are KT, respectively and/or c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1011) X₁X₂X3X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈,

X₁ is E, N, D, R, K, G, S, A, Y, V, P, or H; X₂ is E, L, R, Q, T, G, F, P, Y, K, A, S, V, or F; X₃ is R, A, T, G, V, S, M, W, Y, D, H, N, E, L, or I; X₄ is G, L, R, D, T, G, Y, S, E, F, Q, C, I, M, V, N, K, or P; X₅ is S, G, Y, D, W, T, S, N, I, D, V, E, or C; X₆ is Y, A, S, W, T, L, G, E, F, K, V, I, or D; X₇ is D, E, or G; and X₈ is Y, S, V, L, M, Q, I, S, I, H, F, or D; wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR3 optionally comprises an insertion of 1-14 amino acids X_(a)-X_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 1012), wherein X_(a) is F, R, S, Y, L, D, G, V, I, T, or A; X_(b) is G, R, Y, F, T, D, S, G, V, M, D, or R; X_(c) is F, W, A, G, T, I, S, F, Y, C, L, V, R, or N; X_(d) is S, F, M, G, Y, L, S, A, D, L, R, V, C, or S; X_(e) is G, Y, S, T, P, F, Y, R, A, E, G, Q, N, or L; X_(f) is Y, N, G, T, R, F, A, M, W, P, or V; X_(g) is Y, M, S, V, F, A, P, S, D, R, H, P, E, or R X_(h) is Y, G, M, F, G, P, V, F, H, T, or G, X_(i) is T, I G, R, or F; X_(j) is Y, G, H, or E; X_(k) is Y, G, F, or N; X₁ is F, or N; X_(m) is Y; and X_(n) is F.
 7. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises, a. a light chain variable region CDR1 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1013) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁,

wherein X₁ is T, G, R, S, or Q; X₂ is G, A, or L; X₃ is S, T, D, or H; X₄ is S, N, K, A, Q, T, or V; X₅ is G, I, L, S, or D; X₆ is A, G, R, P, I, D, S, E, or T; X₇ is G, N, M, D, K, S, R, Y, or T; X₈ is Y, K, F, Q, S, N, Y, D, H, or R; X₉ is D, N, Y, W, F, M, G, or S; X₁₀ is V, A, L, I, G, or P; X₁₁ is H, T, S, Y, A, Q, Y, N, or F; wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 optionally comprises an insertion of between 1 and 3 amino acids X_(a)-X_(c) between X₄ and X₅, wherein X_(a) is S or G; X_(b) is N, D or S; and X_(c) is I or V; b. a light chain variable region CDR2 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1014) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇,

wherein X₁ is G, Y, Q, K, N, D, R, A, or E; X₂ is N, D, K, A, V, G, or T; X₃ is N, S, T, I, K, Y, or D; X₄ is N, D, Y, K, E, T, N, S, or Q; X₅ is R, or L; X₆ is P, E, A, S, or Q; X₇ is S, P, or T; and/or c. a light chain variable region CDR3 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1015) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉,

wherein X₁ is Q, N, A, G, D, S, or L; X₂ is S, V, A, Q, T, L, or H; X₃ is Y, W, R, A, S, Q, T, or G; X₄ is D, Y, I, N, M, or H; X₅ is T, M, S, N, D, R, G, or K; X₆ is N, T, S, G, F, L, or D; X₇ is L, T, G, P, A, I, or N; X₈ is K, W, V, I, P, G, L, R, or Y; and X₉ is V, L, or T; wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 optionally comprises an insertion of between 1 and 3 amino acids X_(a)-X_(c) between X₇ and Xs, wherein X_(a) is D, N, A, T, S, I or H; X_(b) is H, Y, G, A, R, L, S, or P; and X_(c) is S.
 8. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a V_(H) comprising: a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 comprising the sequence: SX₁AMS (SEQ ID NO: 1016) where X₁ is Y or F; b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 comprising the sequence: AISGSG XISTYYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 1017) where X₁ is S or G; c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 comprising the sequence: X₁X₂DX₃WSX₄X₅X₆X₇X₈TAFDL (SEQ ID NO: 1018), where X₁ is H, D or Q; X₂ is W, M, F, H, or R; X₃ is W, Y or F; X₄ is T, N, G, or P; X₅ is R, A, S, G, or Y; X₆ is S, P, N or T; X₇ is G, S, R, or K: X₈ is P, M, A or L. optionally in combination with a V_(L) comprising a. a light chain variable region CDR1 comprising the sequence SGDALPRQYAY (SEQ ID NO: 1019) b. a light chain variable region CDR2 comprising the sequence KDSX₁RPS (SEQ ID NO: 1020) where X₁ is E or F. c. a light chain variable region CDR3 comprising the sequence QSADSSGTYXIV (SEQ ID NO: 1021), where X₁₁s V or A.
 9. The antibody of claim 8, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a V_(H) comprising: a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 comprising the sequence: SFAMS (SEQ ID NO: 813); b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 comprising the sequence: AISGSG GSTYYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 814); c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 comprising the sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 815) QFDYWSTYSGPTAFDL;

in combination with a V_(L) comprising a. a light chain variable region CDR1 comprising the sequence SGDALPRQYAY (SEQ ID NO: 822) b. a light chain variable region CDR2 comprising the sequence KDSERPS (SEQ ID NO: 823) c. a light chain variable region CDR3 comprising the sequence QSADSSGTYVV (SEQ ID NO: 824).
 10. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises: a. a heavy chain variable region CDR1 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1022) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅,

wherein X₁ is S, N, D, T, or R; X₂ is G, Y, or F; X₃ is Y, H, S, G, D, or F; X₄ is D, V, or I; X₅ is N, H, C, R, S or is absent; wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1 optionally comprises amino acids X₆ and X₇, which are V and S, respectively; b. a heavy chain variable region CDR2 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1023) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁X₁₂X₁₃X₁₄X₁₅X₁₆,

wherein X₁ is M, V, L, I, A, G, or T; X₂ is G or I; X₃ is Y, W, N, or C; X₄ is Y, G, D, or W; X₅ is S, D, or E; X₆ is G or D; X₇ is S, Y, N, or I; X₈ is T, P, or K; X₉ is N, A, G, D, or V; X₁₀ is Y or F; X₁₁ is N; X₁₂ is P, S, or E; X₁₃ is S, A, or N; X₁₄ is L or F; X₁₅ is K; X₁₆ is S, G, or N; wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR2 optionally comprises an insertion of amino acids X_(a) and X_(b) between X₃ and X₄, wherein X_(a) is I or P and X_(b) is S; c. a heavy chain variable region CDR3 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1024) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈,

wherein X₁ is G, S, A, or R; X₂ is M, G, Y, S, L, R, or V; X₃ is M, D, I, V, H, M, or S; X₄ is V, Y, M, W, or S; X₅ is L, Y, S or absent; X₆ is I, D, V, T, G, S, Y, or absent; X₇ is P, G, D, S, or A; and X₈ is N, Y, or T; wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR3 optionally comprises an insertion of between 1 and 6 amino acids of X_(a)-X_(f) (SEQ ID NO: 1025) between X₆ and X₇, wherein X_(a) is G, T, D, or Y; X_(b) is S, A, G, or F; X_(c) is Y, V, P, or F; X_(d) is Y or F; X_(e) is Y; and X_(f) is E, F, or G.
 11. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises: a. a light chain variable region CDR1 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1026) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉X₁₀X₁₁,

wherein X₁ is K, Q, or R; X₂ is A or T; X₃ is S, R, or N; X₄ is K or Q; X₅ is S, D, R, N, L, or I; X₆ is I or S; X₇ is T, G, V, or N; X₈ is N, S, H, or K; X₉ is Y or W; X₁₀ is L, M, or I; X₁₁ is A, S, or Y; b. a light chain variable region CDR2 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1027) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇,

wherein X₁ is S, D, E, or Y; X₂ is G, A, or T; X₃ is S or T; X₄ is T, S, K, or A; X₅ is L; X₆ is Q, A, or V; X₇ is S or D; c. a light chain variable region CDR3 comprising a sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 1028) X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇X₈X₉,

wherein X₁ is Q, L, or H X₂ is Q or K; X₃ is Y, A, W, or T; X₄ is Y, H, S, or D; X₅ is E, S, R, T, or N; X₆ is K, N, T, L, or H; X₇ is P; X₈ is Y, W, L, N, P, or R; X₉ is T.
 12. A polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim
 1. 13. A host cell comprising a vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 12. 14. A method for treating neuropathic pain, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of an antibody of claim 1 or antigen binding fragment thereof.
 15. A method for the large scale production of a recombinant P2X4 polypeptide, the method comprising expressing a human P2X4 protein in an SF9 cell at 27° C. for 72 hours; extracting the P2X4 protein by solubilizing in a buffer comprising n-Dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside, n-Dodecyl thio-Maltoside, CHAPS, and the Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate; then isolating the solubilized protein.
 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more antibodies or antigen binding fragment thereof according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more antibodies or antigen binding fragment thereof according to claim 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 18. A polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim
 8. 19. A host cell comprising a vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 18. 20. A method for treating neuropathic pain, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of an antibody of claim 8 or antigen binding fragment thereof. 